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Chapter 8
Unit 3 - Trade
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When does Unit 3 end and begin? | Begins at the end of the classical era, and ends around 1450 when European exploration begins. |
| What can unit 3 also be called? | Post-classical, medieval, middle, or Eurocentric. |
| What do we call the civilizations in Unit 3? | Third-wave civilizations |
| What is the biggest civilization in unit 3? | Islam |
| What does Byzantium take in Unit 3? | Eastern Roman Empire |
| What size are the dynasties in China in Unit 3? | Huge |
| What two groups are in the Americas in Unit 3? | The Aztecs and Incas. |
| What grows power in Western Europe in Unit 3? | The Catholic Church. |
| While culturally unique, features among each of the new third-wave civilizations point to what distinct patterns of development? | States, cities, and class and gender inequalities that were borrowed from established civilizations. |
| When did the new third-wave civilizations start? | After 500 CE |
| What is the most important common thread among thrid wave civilizations? | Tons of interaction with others. |
| How did third-wave civilizations interact with others? | By trade, military conflict, and cosmopolitan regions, or miniglobalizations. |
| Who did large empires ruled by pastoral peoples rule? | Agricultural people |
| What groups of people ruled agricultural societies? | The Arabs, Mongols, and Aztecs |
| What areas did Islam come to include? | Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, most of Northern Africa, and Spain. |
| Why is Islam seen as the most influential of the new third-wave civilizations? | It came closer than any had ever come to uniting all mankind under its ideals. |
| Why were political systems important for trade? | State's size and stability encouraged travelers and traders, and the wealth from taxes led to more power for the state. |
| What two classical civilizations first made trade safe? | Rome and China |
| In the 600s and 700s, who made trade safe? | The Byzantine, Tang, and Abbasid. |
| What happened with the Mongols in the 1200s? | They controlled almost all of the Silk Roads. |
| What was trade like in third-wave civilizations? | It was indirect and had a network across a vast land. |
| What did trade change? | Consumption, religious ideas, crops and livestock availability, made cultures less self-sufficient, and made traders a social group. |
| What is outer Eurasia? | Warm with good water and soil. China, India, and Mediterranean. |
| What is inner Eurasia? | Harsh, dry, and pastoral. Eastern Russia and Central Asia. |
| What did large-scale empires and long-distance trade facilitate? | The spread of ideas, technologies, food crops, and germs far beyond their points of origin. |
| What did China diffuse through trade? | The technology of manufactoring raw silk |
| What did India diffuse through trade? | Crystallized sugar, the concept of zero, and cotton textiles. |
| What did the Arabs diffuse through trade? | Islam |
| What did the Americas/Mesoamerica diffuse through trade? | Corn |
| What did Eurasia and North Africa diffuse through trade? | Disease - the plague |
| How were good transported along the Silk Roads? | By camel caravans through deserts and oases. |
| What was silk used as in Asia? | A currency |
| What was silk a symbol for? | High status |
| When did silk begin to get made in Western Europe? | The 1100s. |
| Why did Han China extend its authority westward? | They wanted to control the Xiongnu (nomads) and get heavenly horses for theiry military. |
| What are heavenly horses? | Well trained horses, and some even said that they sweated blood. |
| What made silk such a highly desired commodity across Eurasia? | It symbolized luxury. |
| What did China hold? | A monopoly on silk-producing technology |
| Where did cotton textiles from India became great in? | The Roman Empire |
| How did the impact of the long-distance trade of silk economically and socially affect the Chinese peasants? | It caused some of them to stop growing food crops and make silk, paper, porcelain, and iron tools instead. |
| What is Chinese peasants stopping growing food to make other products to trade an example of? | Long-distance trade trickling down to common farmers. |
| Why did Buddhism appeal to the merchants along the Silk roads? | It was for everyone, not just Brahmin and higher castes. |
| What class were merchants in? | Lower to middle at best. |
| What was Buddhism in China? | The religion of foreign traders and rulers. |
| What happened to Buddhist monastries as Buddhism spread? | They became more secular. Some became rich from wealthy merchants' gifts, and some began putting up murals of parties and musicians. |
| What did Buddhism shift to as is spread on the Silk Roads? What did this reflect? | Mahayana, which reflected influence from monotheistic religions. |
| What ideas of Mayhayana Buddhism spread on the Silk Roads? | Buddha portrayed as a god and the idea of heaven. |
| What do some statues of Buddha show? | Greek influence from Alexander's conquests |
| What was incorporated into Mayhayana Buddhism? | Gods from other faiths |
| What two economic consequences came from the spread of the Black Death? | Less tenant farmers and urban workers could demand higher wages because there were less of them, and landowners lost money because the demand for grain dropped. |
| What spread in Athens in 500BCE? | An unknown epidemic from sea exploration. |
| What diseases spread in the Han and Roman empires? | Smallpox and measles. |
| What did smallpox and measles in the Han and Rome do? | Increased the importance of Christianity and Buddhism as compassion during times of suffering. |
| How did the Black Plague spread? | The Mongols took control of Eurasia. |
| What could the Black Plague have been? | Anthrax, the plague, or a mix of things. |
| How much of Europe died from the Black Plague? Where was there a similar death toll? | A third. Muslim world and China |
| What did the Black Plague give Europeans? | A secret weapon when exploring in the 1500s. |
| Why did the exchange of diseases give Europeans a certain advantage? | Exposure over time had provided them with some immunity to Eurasian diseases. |
| How did the transportation operation of the Indian Ocean trading network differ from that of the Silk Roads? | Costs were lower than on land, ships help more and heavier cargo, and the Silk roads were only for luxury goods. |
| What goods did ships on the Indian Ocean trading network carry? | Textiles, pepper, timber, rice, sugar, and wheat. |
| What did costs being lower on the Indian Ocean trading network lead to? | The shipment of bulk goods. |
| What did the Sea Roads rely on? | Monsoon wind currents |
| What country was the center of the Sea Roads? | India |
| Where was lots of trade on the Mediterranean by 1000CE centered in? | Venice |
| Wha did the Mediterranean link? | Europe to the Indian Ocean through rivers in Egypt. |
| What was Ancient Indus writing influenced by? | Cuneiform from Mesopotamia |
| Where did Egyptians and Phonecians trade? | On the Mediterranean Sea. |
| Where did Malaysian sailors explore in 1000 BCE? | Madagascar |
| Why did the tempo of Indian Ocean commerce pick up in the era of classical civilizations? | Sailors learned how to ride the monsoons. |
| Who settled where that helped the tempo of India Ocean commerce pick up? | The Roman Greeks and Jews settled some of southern India and East Africa. |
| What region became the center, or fulcrum, of the Indian Ocean commercial network? Why? | Indian because they had goods from the east and west. |
| Where was trading happeneing by 100CE? | Southeast Asia and all around the Indian Ocean as far as Egypt. |
| What two Chinese dynasties encouraged trade? | The Tang and Song |
| What did a big economy in China lead to? | China sending tons of products out for trade. |
| What two pieces of technology from China added to the growth of trade in the Indian Ocean? | The larger ships, or junk boats, and magnetic compass. |
| What did the Arab Empire do during the flourishing of Indian Ocean commerce after the rise of Islam in the 7th century? What did this do? | Brought together many different cultures and economies into one political system. This made trade very easy for Arabs. |
| What happened in the Middle East during the flourishing of Indian Ocean commerce after the rise of Islam? | Middle Eastern gold and silver went to southern India to purchase pepper, pearls, textiles, and gemstones. |
| What changes occurred among Muslim merchants during the flourishing of Indian Ocean commerce after the rise of Islam? | Mulsim merchants and sailors, as well as Jews and Christians living in the Islamic world, established communities of traders from East Africa to the southern China coast. |
| Why did different cultures trade? | With respcet for one another. |
| What changes occurred in Mesopotamia/East Africa during the flourishing of Indian Ocean commerce after the rise of Islam in the 7th century? | They used wasteland in Mesopotamia to cultivate sugar and dates, which brought thousands of slaves there from East Africa for plantations and salt mines in terrible conditions. |
| Where is Srivijaya? | On the Malay Peninsula (Malaysia). |
| What was Srivijaya the choke-point between? | China and India trade |
| What was the importance of Srivijaya? | They charged taxes for ships to use the Straits of Mecca, and gained much money. |
| What did Srivijaya have to sell to sailors? | Spices, gold, and resources |
| What did Srivijaya gain from taxing ships to use the Strait of Malacca? | Money, power, and a new military that brought security to the area. |
| How was Java influenced by trade? Where is it as? | They had Hindu and Buddhist centers. It's islands in Southeast Asia. |
| What is Burma also known as? How was is influence by trade? | They had a huge Buddhist temple, known as the Ankor Wat. |
| In the case of Southeast Asia, why didn't imperial control accompany Indian cultural influence? | There was a mix of Hindu and Buddhist ideas adopted by people in the Indian Ocean, and cultures picked and choosed which elements they wanted. They also just weren't imperial in nature. |
| What was the economic role of the Swahili civilization in Indian Ocean trade? | The citites took goods from the African interior and exchanged them on the cosdt for foreign products like porcelain, silk, and rugs. |
| In the Swahili civilization what did coastal areas have? | Some vessels |
| What was there a sharp divide between in the Swahili civilization? | Elite merchants and commoners. |
| What was the culutral role of the Swahili civilization in Indian Ocean trade? | Many ruling families of Swahili cities claimed Arab or Persian descent to show prestige. |
| What was Tran's African trade rootes in? | Environmental variation. |
| What did the great Sahara hold? | Deposits of copper and salt, while its oases produced dates. |
| What did the savanna grasslands immediately south of the Sahara produce? | Grain crops, millet, and sorghum |
| What did the forest areas farther south in Africa have? | Root and tree crops such as yams and kola nuts. |
| What did long-distance trade across the Sahara provide? | Both incentive and resources for the construction of new and larger political structures. |
| Why was it best for people living in Sudan between the forests and the deserts? | Their economies grew as they were in the middle of trading. |
| What did Muslims trade along the Sahara? | Slaves |
| Where were the slaves that Muslims traded from? | Most were from non-Muslim areas (West Africa), and some were white women from the Eastern Mediterranean. |
| What did Sudanic states develop? | Big urban trading centers |
| What three citites are all in modern day Mali? | Jenne, Timbuktu, and Gao |
| What did Jenne, Timbuktu, and Gao have? | Beads, iron tolls, and cotton textiles. |
| Why did the Americas have less interaction? | They didn't have horses, donkeys, or camels, and also didn't have wheeled vehicles or ocean-going ships. |
| Why did the Panama inhibit the development of long-distance trade? | The bottleneck of it was covered in rainforest. |
| What did the north/south orientation of the Americas do? | Made new agriculture adapt to new climates when migrating. |
| What did Eurasia's east/west orientation do? | Made agricultural diffusion easier. |
| What trade was there in the North America? | A losse interactive web |
| Who did Cahokia and Chaco trade with? | The Caribbean indirectly and also others. |
| Where in the Americas was there a major trade network? | Mesoamerica |
| How did Maya and Teotihuacan trade? | By land. Maya also by sea |
| What did the Maya have to trade by sea? | Dugout canoes |
| What did the Aztecs have? | Professional merchants, or pochteca |
| With whom did the Maya cities in the Yucatan area of Mexico and Guatemala maintain a commercial relationship during 200 - 900 CE? | Nobody. They only traded among themselves. |
| What were the Inca roads used for? | Transporting goods by pack animals or messages by foot. |
| What was on the Inca roads for travelers? | 2000 inns where they could get food and shelter. |
| What on the Inca roads could cover 150 miles in one day? | Relay system for messages |
| Why did the Anean Incan Empire largely control trade, not allowing a professional merchant class to emerge? | Inca trade was state-run, and they had no merchant group like the Aztecs. |
| What couldn't emerge in the Andean Incan Empire because it controlled trade? | A professional merchant class |
| What was premodern trade mainly for? | Self consumption |
| How much was actually traded in premodern trade? | Very little |
| What did premodern trade have fewer of then modern trade? | Wageworkers |
| What was minaly traded in premodern trade? | Luxury goods |
| What were circuits of trade like in premodern trade? | Very limited. |
Created by:
1213CaitlynMullins
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