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Chapter 12
Unit 3 - Pastoral Peoples
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What kind of food-producing society emerged in 4000 B.C.E. because productive farming was difficult? | Raising livestock |
| What did pastoral peoples use from their livestock and why? | They used milk, blood, wool, hides, and meat to sustain life. |
| Where did pastoral peoples raise livestock? | On land |
| Why did pastoral people raise livestock? | They couldn't support agriculture. |
| What kinds of animals did pastoral people raise? | Horses, camels, cattle, and sheep. |
| In what regions did pastoralists/herders shape their societies? | Eurasian and sub-Saharan grasslands, and Arabian and Saharan deserts. |
| Why didn't pastoralism emerge in the Americas? | There were no large animals. |
| How was the population of pastoral societies different from their agricultural counterpart and why? | The population was smaller because of the neeed for large land and poor production. |
| Why was the family unit like in pastoral societies? | People were in small bands of related kin, and they didn't live in cities or urban centers. |
| In pastoral societies, what did kinship-based groups or clans claim? | A common ancestry, usually through the male line. |
| What could clans do in pastoral tribes? What did they make by doing this? | Clans could join together to make a tribe. |
| In pastoral societies, what were noble/commoner rankings based on? | The number of animals a person owned. |
| How was the status of women in pastoral socitites different than it was in agricultural ones? | They had a higher status and played a bigger role in society. |
| What was pastoral societies' most characteristic feature and why? | Mobility because they were the only type of society that was always moving. |
| In what ways were nomadic pastoralists connected to their agricultural neighbors? | They needed food, manufactured goods, and luxury items from their agricultural neighbors. |
| What did the nomadic pastoralists needing food and other items from their agricultual neighbors lead to? | More organization, or tribal confederations, to trade with the agriculture people. |
| Why was constructing large empires among pastoralists difficult? | Their was no wealth for armies, the population was widely dispersed, they were very indpendent, and they had tons of internal rivalries. |
| Why did the pastoral societies being independent make it hard for them to construct a large empire? | It made it hard for them to follow others. |
| Why did the population of the pastoralists being so widely dispersed make it difficult to construct a large empire? | It made it hard to get organized. |
| What sustained the tribal nomadic states? | Raiding, trading, and extorting China, Persia, and Byzantium. |
| Who usually made tribal alliences that helped nomadic states come to be? | A charismatic leader like Chinggis Khan. |
| What did a charismatic leader like Chinggis Khan do? | Made tribal alliences that helped nomadic states come to be. |
| Once formed, what did most nomadic states become? | Raiders |
| Who were warriors in nomadic states? | All of the men and some women. |
| What new technologies were adapted or invented by pastoral societies? | A complex horse harness, a saddle with stirrups, a small bow for horse bowing, armor, and swords. |
| What did the Xiongnu have and where was it at? | A strong confederacy from Korea to Kazakhstan. |
| Who was the Xiongnu's ruler and what did he do? | Modun, he made a political system with junior and senior clans. |
| What did the Xiongnu start that was from China? | The tribute system with other tribes. |
| Who copied the Xiongnu's structure? | The Turkic and Mongol empires. |
| Who created the largest and most influential empires of the postclassical millennium? | The nomads of Arabs, Berbers, Turks, and Mongols. |
| What the nomads (Arabs, Turks, and Mongols) create? | The largest and most influential empires of the postclassical millennium. |
| What was the most important Arab development and what did it do? | A camel saddle that led them to fight atop the camels. |
| Where did the Arabs take control of? | All of Arabia. |
| What did camel nomads serve as for the Arabs? | The shock troops of Islamic expansion. |
| Where did the Arabs take over? What took over afterwards? | Outer-regions. Islam took over afterwards. |
| What happened when the Turks became Muslim? | They became the third major carrier of Islam next to the Arabs and Persians. |
| Where is the Seljuk Turkic Empire at? | Modern day Iraq, then Persia. |
| Who was the formal ruler in the Seljuk Turkic Empire? Who had the real power? | The abbasid caliph, but the Turkic sultans had the real power. |
| Where is Anatolia at? | Modern day Turkey |
| Who was Anatolia formerly ruled by? | The Christian Byzantium |
| What did Anatolia bring? | Both Islam and a massive infusion of Turkic culture, langauge, and people. |
| Who created the Ottoman Empire, and what did it become by 1500? | Anatolia created it, and it became one of the great powers of Eurasia. |
| What are the Turks? | Nomads from Mongolia and eastern Russia. |
| Where did the Turks spread? | South and west into central Asia. |
| What did the Turks, or Seljuk Empire, convert to? | Islam |
| Where did the Turks spread Islam? | From India to the Anatolia Peninsula? |
| Who were the Masai? | Nomads from Kenya/Tanzania, or East Africa. |
| What were the Masai mostly? | Nomadic with some farming. |
| How could outsiders join the Masai? | By obtaining a herd of cattle, by learning the language, or by giving a woman in marriage to a Masai man. |
| If someone gave a woman in marriage to a Masai man to join the Masai, what did they get in return? | Bride-wealth in cattle. |
| What did allowing outsiders to join the Masai do for the Masai? | Connected them with their agricultural neighbors. |
| What did the Mongols control? | The largest land empire in history. |
| What did the Mongol Empire link? | Europe, China, and the Islamic world. |
| What was the Mongol's population like? | Super small with only about 700 thousand. |
| Did the Mongols have a lasting cultural impact? | No. |
| What was the Mongol's religion? | Ancestor worship/shamanism |
| Did the Mongols try to spread their faith? Why? | No. It didn't attract outsiders and they weren't concerned with the religions of those they raped and pillaged. |
| What were the Mongols? | Raiders. |
| Who did Chinggis Khan start out as? | Temujin |
| What did Chinggis do when he was still Temujin? | Made lots of friends and won lots of wars. |
| How did Chinggis Khan get his title? | The council named him it. |
| What does Chinggis Khan mean? | Universal leader |
| What was Chinggis Khan's mission and why? | To unite the Mongol tribes and expand into China, because he saw China as rich and had lots of stuff the Mongols liked. |
| Who was the grandpa, father, and son Kahn? | Grandpa - Chinggis Father - Ogedei Son - Kublai |
| Under whom did the Mongol Empire spread to the west? Where did it almost get to? | Ogedei. Almost got to England. |
| What happened to Ogedei? | He died in battle while in Poland. |
| What is custom when a Khan dies? | Everyone has to come back to Mongolia to crown the new Khan. |
| What did Kublai do? | Took over all of China and called the Mongol dynasty the Yuan Dynasty. |
| What would Kublai had done and what stopped him? | Taken over Japan, but a typhoon came and destroyed all of the Mongol boats. |
| Why did the Japanese believe Kublai couldn't take them over? | The gods "kamikaze, or divine winds, were protecting them. |
| What battle was Ogedei defeated in? | The Battle of Legnica |
| What took out Mongol ships? | Tsunamis. |
| How was the Mongol's military so effective, even though they didn't have better technology? | They had a superior army. |
| Are the Mongols loyal to their leaders? | Yes. |
| What happened if a Mongol deserted his leader? | The whole group was killed. |
| What did the Mongols add to their army and why? | Conquered people to act as human shields. |
| What did Chinggis Kahn choose to do if a conqeured region seemed troublesome and why? | He annihilated them because the Mongols were extremely conscious of their small numbers and fearful of rebellion. |
| What did the Mongol rule do for China? | United a divided China under the Song dynasty. |
| Where did the Mongols move their capital? | From Mongolia to Beijing. |
| What did many come to believe because the Mongols united China? | That they had the Mandate of Heaven |
| What did the Mongols keep when they ruled China and why? | Many Chinese practices because they didn't know how to govern an agricultural society. |
| What did the Mongols get rid of when ruling China? | The civil service exam. |
| What positions did the Mongols keep in China? | The top ones. |
| What were the negative aspects of the Mongol rule in China? | They didn't care enough to learn Chinese, they discriminated against the Chinese, and they banned Mongol/Chinese marriage. |
| How were the Mongol women different than the Chinese women? | They didn't practice footbinding and hung out and hunted with the men. |
| What did the Mongols do more than the Chinese? | Honor merchants. |
| Who ruled when the Mongols were in China? | Kublai Khan |
| What did the Mongols make in China and what was it? | A "Forbidden City" inside Beijing, and it was a place only Mongols could go. |
| What did the "Forbidden City" look like? | The steppes of Mongolia. |
| What eventually happened in the 130ss to the Mongols? | They were forced out of China by internal rebellions. |
| What Chinese title did the Mongols take, and what did it mean? | Yuan, great beginnings |
| What did the Mongols adopt from the Chinese? | The tax system and government system |
| What did the Mongols support in China? | Daoist temples |
| What did many Mongols in China convert to? | Tibetan, or southern China Buddhism |
| What negative things did the Mongols do to the Persians? | Over-taxed them, which pushed them off of their land, and Mongol herds destroyed Persian lands. |
| What did the Mongols do much more of in Persia than China? | Adopt their culture |
| What Persian culture did the Mongols adopt? | They started to farm and married Persian women. |
| What happened to the Mongols and Persian culture after the Mongol rule collapsed? | It stayed. |
| What did many Mongols in Persia convert to? | Islam |
| What did the Mongols do to the Muslims? | Shook their faith |
| What did the Muslims wonder when their faith was shook by the Mongols? | How could the perfect religion of Islam be defeated so rachetly? |
| What did the Mongols take and end in Persia? | Took Baghdad and ended the Abbasid caliphate. |
| What did the Muslims start doing after the Mongols took over that was against their faith? | Making wine |
| When did the Mongol rule in Persia collapse? | The 1300s. |
| What did the Mongols do once they had conquered Russia? What was it called? | They appointed local princes who had to send tribute to the Mongol capital at Sarai. It was called indirect rule. |
| How was the Mongol rule in Russia different from Persia? | It was much less assimilated or influenced by Russian culture than in Persia. |
| What was different about the Russians from Mongol Rule than in Persia and China? | They were much more influence by Russian culture, adopting weapons, rituals, and the court and tax system. |
| What was Russia made up of? | Abunch of independent states? |
| What couldn't the Russians do because they were a bunch of independent states? | Unite against the Mongols |
| What is Khanate? | What the Mongols called their empires |
| What was Khanate? | The Golden Horde, or greatest Mongol army |
| What did the Mongols allow to continue in Russia? | The Russian Orthodox Church |
| When did Russia vreak free of the Mongols? | In the 1400s |
| What did the Mongol Empire contribute to? | The globalization of the Eurasian world. |
| What did the Mongols like and promote? | Trade. |
| Did the Mongols trade much? | No |
| Where did the Mongols have a huge network and what was it for? | From China to eastern Europe and it was where trade took place. |
| What did the Mongol's huge trade network lead to? | Diplomace among states along trade routes. (Persia, Mongols, China) |
| What is the Mongol Empire the best example of? | Many cultures under one state that led to cultural eachange |
| Who did the Mongols send far from their homelands and why? | Craftsmen and scholars to exchange ideas. |
| What were the Mongols tolerant of and who did they like? | Religiously tolernat. Liked merchants. |
| What did the Mongol Empire being religiously tolerant and liking merchants lead to? | The spread of religion. |
| What flowed from east to west? | Technologies |
| What technology flowed from east to west? | Gunpowder, printing, weapons, compasses, medical techniques. |
| What were the larger consequences of the plague in European society? | Labor shortages and the bringing down of the Mongols. |
| What did the higher demand for workers after the plague lead to? | People fighting for better wages and conditions. This led to conflict with rich owners. |
| What revolts began as an impact of the plague? | Peasant revolts |
| What did less workers after the plague mean? | More need for technology and more jobs for women. |
| What made the Mongols weaker after the plague? | The population drop. |
| What did less trade after the plague mean for Mongols? | Less control |
| What countries did the Mongols lose by the 1400s? | China, Persia, and Russia. |
| Where did the plague start? | Central Asia |
| How was the plague transmitted? | By fleas on rodents |
| Where did the plague take down? | China and Western Europe |
| What did the Mongols do with victims of the plague? | Catapulted infected bloated bodies over city walls. |
| Mongol catapulted infected bloated bodies over city walls during the plague? What was this the first use of? | Biological warfare in hisroty |
| Where didn't the plague really impact? | Indian and the sub-Sahara |
| Who did the Europeans blame the plague for? What did they think the plague was? | The Jews, the end of the world. |
| What are nomads mostly described as? | Barnarians and destroyers |
| Why don't we have nomads points of view? | Most were illiterate. |
| Who has history mainly been recorded by? | Educated, sendentary people |
| What did the Xiongnu effect? | A revolution in pastoral nomadic life. |
| What did the Xiongnu form that effected a revolution in pastoral nomadic life? | A far more centralized and hierarchial political system than had earlier pastoral socitites. |
| Under what leader did the Xiongny effect a far more centralized and hierarchial political system? | Modun |
| What did the Xiongnu effect? | A revolution in pastoral nomadic life. |
| What did the Xiongnu form that effected a revolution in pastoral nomadic life? | A far more centralized and hierarchial political system than had earlier pastoral socitites. |
| Under what leader did the Xiongny effect a far more centralized and hierarchial political system? | Modun |
| What was power concentrated in in the far more centralized and hierarchial political system that the Xiongnu formed? | A divinely sanctioned ruler |
| What became more prominent in the more centralized and hierarchial political system that the Xiongnu formed? | Differences between junior and senior clans |
| Why did the Mongol Empire emerge? | Chingghis Khan's need after 1206 to keep the now unified Mongol Nation together. |
| What is the logic behind the creation of the empire explained by in part? | Chinggis Khan's use of war. |
| What did Chingghis Khan's use of war create? | A common task that would strengthen the new and fragile unity of the Mongols under his rule. |
| What did Chingghis Khan's use of war create? | A common task that would strengthen the new and fragile unity of the Mongols under his rule. |
| What would strengthen the new and fragile unity of the Mongols under Chingghis Khan's rule? | His use of war |
| What happened because of Chingghis Khan's need after 1206 to keep the now unified Mongol Nation together? | The Mongol Empire emerged. |
| What did the Xiongnu effect? | A revolution in pastoral nomadic life. |
| What would strengthen the new and fragile unity of the Mongols under Chingghis Khan's rule? | His use of war |
| What did the Xiongnu form that effected a revolution in pastoral nomadic life? | A far more centralized and hierarchial political system than had earlier pastoral socitites. |
| Who took part in the Mongol invasion of Persia? | 1000 Chinese artillery crews |
| Under what leader did the Xiongny effect a far more centralized and hierarchial political system? | Modun |
| What was the Chinese techniques and technologies that were borrowed by Chingghis Khan used for? | Siege warfare. |
| What was power concentrated in in the far more centralized and hierarchial political system that the Xiongnu formed? | A divinely sanctioned ruler |
| Why did Chingghis Khan draw upon settled agricultural peoples? | For infantry and artillery forces. |
| What became more prominent in the more centralized and hierarchial political system that the Xiongnu formed? | Differences between junior and senior clans |
| Who did Chinggis Khan draw on for infantry and artillery forces? | Settled agricultural peoples. |
| Why did the Mongol Empire emerge? | Chingghis Khan's need after 1206 to keep the now unified Mongol Nation together. |
| What did the Mongols seek to accomodate? | Chinese culture and ways of governing. |
| Why did Chingghis Khan draw upon settled agricultural peoples? | For infantry and artillery forces. |
| What is the logic behind the creation of the empire explained by in part? | Chinggis Khan's use of war. |
| Who took part in the Mongol invasion of Persia? | 1000 Chinese artillery crews |
| What did Chingghis Khan's use of war create? | A common task that would strengthen the new and fragile unity of the Mongols under his rule. |
| What did the Mongols support in China? | The building of some Daoist temples. |
| What did the Mongols seek to accomodate? | Chinese culture and ways of governing. |
| What would strengthen the new and fragile unity of the Mongols under Chingghis Khan's rule? | His use of war |
| How did the Mongols seek to accomodate Chinese culture and ways of governing? | By making use of traditional Confucian rituals. |
| What did the Mongols want to extract as much as possible from their conquests? | Wealth |
| What happened because of Chingghis Khan's need after 1206 to keep the now unified Mongol Nation together? | The Mongol Empire emerged. |
| What did the Mongols seek to accomodate? | Chinese culture and ways of governing. |
| How did Chingghis Khan strengthen his army? | He borrowed Chinese techniques and technologies. |
| How did the Mongols seek to accomodate Chinese culture and ways of governing? | By making use of traditional Confucian rituals. |
| What was the Chinese techniques and technologies that were borrowed by Chingghis Khan used for? | Siege warfare. |
| What did the Mongols support in China? | The building of some Daoist temples. |
| Who did Chinggis Khan draw on for infantry and artillery forces? | Settled agricultural peoples. |
| What did the Mongols fulfill by using Confucian rituals and supporting the building of some Daoist temples? | Chinese expectations for how an emperor should act. |
| Who took part in the Mongol invasion of Persia? | 1000 Chinese artillery crews |
| In comparison to the Mongol conquests of China and Persia, what did Russia experience? | A different postconqeust relationship with the Mongols because the Mongols chose not to physically occupy the region. |
| Why did Chingghis Khan draw upon settled agricultural peoples? | For infantry and artillery forces. |
| Why did Russia experience a different postconqeust relationship with the Mongols? | The Mongols chose not to physically occupy the region. |
| What did the Mongols want to extract as much as possible from their conquests? | Wealth |
| What did the Mongols not permanently station in Russia after conquering it? | Administrators |
| What did the Mongols seek to accomodate? | Chinese culture and ways of governing. |
| What did the Mongols impose on Russia? | A tribute system |
| What did the Mongols not establish in Russia after conquering it? | Garrisoned cities or Mongol settlements |
| How did the Mongols seek to accomodate Chinese culture and ways of governing? | By making use of traditional Confucian rituals. |
| Why did the tribute system imposed by the Mongols on their Russian conquests benefit the Russian Orthodox Church? | It was tolerated by the Mongols and recieved tax exemptions. |
| Why did the Mongols choose not to physically occupy Russia after conquering it? | Russia had little to offer and was not worth the expense of occupying. |
| What did the Mongols support in China? | The building of some Daoist temples. |
| Who did the tribute system imposed by the Mongols on their Russian conquests benefit? | Some Russian princes and the Russian Orthodox Church. |
| What did the Mongols fulfill by using Confucian rituals and supporting the building of some Daoist temples? | Chinese expectations for how an emperor should act. |
| Why did the tribute system imposed by the Mongols in Russia benefit some princes? | They served as tribute collectors. |
| In comparison to the Mongol conquests of China and Persia, what did Russia experience? | A different postconqeust relationship with the Mongols because the Mongols chose not to physically occupy the region. |
| What did the Mongol conquest of Russia do? | Strengthened the hold of the Russian Orthodox Church in the region. |
| Why did the tribute system imposed by the Mongols on their Russian conquests benefit the Russian Orthodox Church? | It was tolerated by the Mongols and recieved tax exemptions. |
| Why did Russia experience a different postconqeust relationship with the Mongols? | The Mongols chose not to physically occupy the region. |
| Why did the Mongol conquest of Russia strengthen the hold of the Russian Orthodox Church? | It was during the period that the Church penetrated into rural areas more fully than before. |
| What did the Mongols impose on Russia? | A tribute system |
| What did the Mongols not permanently station in Russia after conquering it? | Administrators |
| What did some Russian princes grow to be from being tax collectors in the tribute system? | Rich |
| What did the Mongols not establish in Russia after conquering it? | Garrisoned cities or Mongol settlements |
| What did the Mongol conquest of Russia do? | Strengthened the hold of the Russian Orthodox Church in the region. |
| Why did the Mongols choose not to physically occupy Russia after conquering it? | Russia had little to offer and was not worth the expense of occupying. |
| Why did the Mongol conquest of Russia strengthen the hold of the Russian Orthodox Church? | It was during the period that the Church penetrated into rural areas more fully than before. |
| Who did the tribute system imposed by the Mongols on their Russian conquests benefit? | Some Russian princes and the Russian Orthodox Church. |
| Why did the tribute system imposed by the Mongols in Russia benefit some princes? | They served as tribute collectors. |
| Why did the tribute system imposed by the Mongols on their Russian conquests benefit the Russian Orthodox Church? | It was tolerated by the Mongols and recieved tax exemptions. |
| What did the Mongols impose on Russia? | A tribute system |
| What did some Russian princes grow to be from being tax collectors in the tribute system? | Rich |
| What did the Mongol conquest of Russia do? | Strengthened the hold of the Russian Orthodox Church in the region. |
| Why did the Mongol conquest of Russia strengthen the hold of the Russian Orthodox Church? | It was during the period that the Church penetrated into rural areas more fully than before. |
| Where did the Russian Orthodox Church penetrate more fully than before after the Mongol conquest? | Rural areas |
| Did the Mongol conquest of Russia effect the Mongols the most? | No, it was the Russian Orthodox Church. |
| What did the khan grant to the Russian Orthodox Church? | Tax exemptions. |
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