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Chapter Twelve 12
Chapter 12 Mongols
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What kind of food producing economy emerged in 4000 BCE? | raising livestock on land that couldnt support ag such as horses, camels, cattle and sheep |
| What did the people use during 4000 BCE to sustain life? | used milk, blood, wool, hides and meat |
| what regions did the pastoralists/herders shape their societies? | Eurasian and sub Saharan grasslands and Arabain and Saharan deserts |
| Why didnt pastoralism emerge in the Americas? | no large pack animals |
| How did population in pastoral societies differ from their agricultural counterparts? | pastoral had less pop bc of need of large land and poor conditions |
| How did family units in pastoral societies differ from their agricultural counterpart? | pastoral lived in small groups by kin, not in cities or urban centers |
| How did social structure in pastoral societes differ from ag? | kinship based on male lineage, clans could join together to make a tribe. Noble/commoner based on # of animals owned. |
| How did status of women in pastoral societies differ from ag? | generally higher status, played bigger role than in ag societies |
| What is the most characteristic feature of the pastoralists? | mobility-the only type of societies that always move. |
| In what way were nomadic pastoralists connected to their ag neighbors? | needed food, manufactured goods and luxury items from ag neighbors |
| What did this connection stimulate? | more organization (tribal confederations) to trade with ag people |
| Why wasnt constructing large empire easy for pastoralists? | no wealth for armies, widely dispersed(hard to organize) pop., independent lifestyle= hard to follow others, tons of internal rivalries |
| What sustained the tribal nomadic states? | rading, trading and exorting in China, Persia and Byzantium |
| How did nomadic states come to be? | Charismatic leader Chinggis (Genghis) Khan made tribal alliances, once formed nomadic states became raiders |
| What were all men and some women? | warriors |
| What new technologies were adapted or invented by pastoral societies? | complex horse harness, saddle w/ stirrups, small bow for horse bowin, armor and swords |
| In what ways did the Xiongnu make an impact on world history? | strong confederacy from Korea to Kazakhstan, had tribute system with other tribes, Turkic and Mongol empires copied its structure |
| Who was the Xiongnu ruler? | Modun who made a political system with junior and senior clans |
| In what ways did the Arabs make an impact on world history? | created the largest and most influential empire most important development-camel saddle which led them to take control all of Arabia |
| Who were the Nomads? | Arabs, Berbers, Turks and Mongols |
| What did camel nomads serves as? | the shock troops of Islamic expansion, they took over outer regions and Islam took over afterwards |
| In what ways did the Turks maje and impact on world history? | when they became Muslim they became 3rd major carrier of Islam next to Arabs and Persians |
| What happened in the Seljuk Turkic Empire (Modern Iraq, then Persia)? | Abbasic caliph was formel ruler, but Turkic sultans had real power |
| What happend in Anatolia (turkey)? | ruled by Christian Byzantium, brought Islam and Turkic culture, language and people together |
| What was during 1500? | the Ottoman Empire which was the greatest powers of Eurasia |
| What are the Turks? | nomads from Mongolia and eastern Russia, spread south and west into Central Asia, converted to Islam (Seljuk Empire) spread Islam from India to Anatolia Peninsula |
| Who were the Masai? | Nomads from Kenya/Tanzania (east Africa) Mainly nomadic with some farming |
| How did the Masai bind their people together? | obtaining a herd of cattle, learning the language, giving a woman in marriage to a Masai man and recieving a cattle in return |
| What did this system provide for them? | connected with their agricultural neighbors |
| What did the Mongols do? | controlled the largest land empire in history, linked Europe and China as well as the Islamic world. |
| How big was the Mongol pop? | small 700,000 no real lasting impact |
| Why didnt the Monogls spread their religion like the Arabs did? | it was ansector worship (pre-civ) didnt attract outsiders like Buddhism and Christianity and Islam, they were raiders and werent concerned with religion |
| What did Dutch explorer call Mongol shamans? | priest of the devil |
| What was Chinggis Khans mission? | to unite the Mongol tribes and expand into China bc he saw China as rich and they has lots of stuff the Mongols liked |
| What does Chinggis Khan mean? | universal leader |
| What were the boundaries of the Mongol empire? | Ogegei took it to Poland and Kublai took it to China |
| What lead to the Mongols military success? | loyalty to their leaders, on deserts all were killed, added conquered people to army, |
| What were the conquered people used as on the army? | human shields or human filled for moats |
| What did Chinngis do to regions that appeared to troublesome to govern? | He chose to allinate a regions entire population |
| What was a cowardly aspect of the Mongols? | they were extemely conscious of thier small numbers and fearful of rebellion. |
| What did the Mongols do to China under the Song? | united a divided China |
| Where did the Mongols move the capital during the Song? | from Mongolia to Beijing |
| Since the Mongols united China, what did they believe that they had? | the Mandate of Heaven |
| Why did the Mongols keep many Chinese practices? | bc they didnt know how to govern an agricultural society |
| What did the Mongols get rid of? | the civil service exam |
| How did the Mongols treat the Chinese? | didnt really care to learn Chinese, discriminated them, and banned Mongol/Chinese marriage. |
| How were Mongol women and merchants alike? | got more advantages with the Mongols than the Chinese. Women didnt foot bind and could hunt with men. Merchants were honored by the Mongols unlike in China |
| In China, during the Mongols who were they ruled by? | Kublai Khan was later forced out of china by internal rebellions in 1300 |
| what did Kublai Khan do? | made a "Forbidden City" inside of Beijing where only Mongols could go, looked like steppes of Mongolia |
| What did the Mongols take from China that was from their gov? | Chinese title that they named their dynasty (Yuan- great beginnings) and tax system and gov system |
| Religiously, what did the Mongols get from China? | supported Daoist temples and many converted to Tibetan (southern China) Buddhism |
| What did the Mongols do to the Persians? | over taxed pushing them off their land and Mongols herds destroyed their land |
| How did Mongols adapt to Persian culture? | married Persian ladies and this stayed after the collapse of the Mongol rule |
| Unlike China what did many Mongols do? | converted to Islam |
| What happened to the Mongols in Persia? | took Baghdad and ended Abbasid caliphate, started making wine and collapsed in 1300s |
| What happened when the MOngols conquered russia? | they appointed local princes who had to send them tribute to the Mongol capital at Sarai (indirect rule)this was much less influenced in Russia culture then in Persia |
| How were Russians more influenced by the Mongols than in Persia and China? | adopted weapons, rituals, court and tax system |
| Why couldnt the Russians unite against the Mongols? | bc it was a bunch of independent states |
| Khanates are... | what Mongols called their empires |
| What was the greatest Mongol army? | the Golden Horde |
| What allowed for the Russian Orthodox Church to continue? | the Mongols |
| When did Russia break free from the Mongols? | 1400s |
| What did the Mongols like and promote? | trade, even though they didnt trade that much with themeselves |
| What did the huge network from China to eastern Europe where trade took place lead to? | diplomacy among states along trade routes (Persia, Mongols, China) |
| Where did the Mongols send craftsmen and scholars to? | far from their homelands to exchange ideas |
| Sincew the monogls were religiously tolerant and liked merchants what did this lead to? | the spread of religion |
| What were technologies that flowed from east to west? | printing, gunpowder, weapons, compasses, medical techniques |
| What were the long term effects of the plague in Europe? | labor shortages- higher demand for workers, peasants revolts in 1300s, less workers= more need for tech and more jobs for women |
| What did the higher demand for workers lead to? | workers to fight for better wages and conditions which led to conflict |
| How did the plague bring down the Mongols? | pop drop made them weaker, less trade=less control, losses of China, Persia and Russia by 1400s |
| How and where did the plague start? | started in central Asia, transmitted by fleas on rodents, and it took down china and western europe. |
| What did the Mongols do with the deceased diseased bodies? | catapulted them over the city walls (first use of biological warfare in history) |
| What didnt the plague effect? | India and sub Sahara |
| What did the plague do to Europe? | they blamed the Jews for it, thought it was the end of the world |
| Why are nomads always looked down upon? | barbarians and destroyers, they were illiterate, so we dont have their POV. |
| What has history mainly been recorded by? | educated, sedentary people |
Created by:
1213meganhouk
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