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AP Euro 2.5 Chapters
Industrial Revolution, Restoration of Europe, Karl Marx, and Nationalism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| He held a pessimistic view that the increase in population would outgrow the increase in the food supply. | Thomas Malthus |
| What did Malthus want the poor to do? | marry later in life to control population growth |
| What was the "Iron Law of Wages?" | Population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level. It just barely keeps people from starving. |
| Who supported the "Iron Law of Wages?" | David Ricardo |
| What is laissez-faire? | a "hands off" form of government |
| What was the "invisible hand" role of government? | government only gets involved to make sure people follow the law but competition regulates the market |
| Who proposed the "invisible hand" role of government? | Adam Smith |
| Seed drill (inventor) | Jethro Tull |
| Seed drill (year) | 1701 |
| Seed drill (description) | churned up soil to place seeds which increased the production rate |
| flying shuttle (inventor) | John Kay |
| flying shuttle (year) | 1733 |
| flying shuttle (description) | sped up weaving process and increased production by letting an individual weave much wider fabrics |
| water frame (inventor) | Richard Arkwright |
| water frame (year) | 1771 |
| water frame (description) | water-powered spinning machine |
| power loom (inventor) | Edmund Cartwright |
| power loom (year) | 1785 |
| power loom (description) | a mechanised loom that increased weaving production |
| "The Rocket" (inventor) | George Stephenson |
| "The Rocket" (year) | 1814 |
| "The Rocket" (description) | steam-powered locomotive |
| What invention did James Watt improve and adapt for use in the textile industry? | steam engine |
| Who were the Luddites? | a social movement in England who destroyed machines in factories because they thought the machines were taking their jobs |
| What industry were the Luddites associated with? | textile |
| What is the difference between the cottage industry and the factory system? | cottage industry - worked at home, whole family, no set laws factory system - long hours, punished if rules were broken, strict |
| Subdivision of common land for individual ownership in England was known as the ______. | enclosure movement |
| What nation did the Industrial Revolution begin in? | Great Britain |
| What time period was the Industrial Revolution? | 1780-1850 |
| Describe the components of the 1st Industrial Revolution. | centered around iron, steam technology, and textile production |
| Describe the components of the 2nd Industrial Revolution. | steel, railroads, electricity, and chemicals |
| List the 4 factors that contributed to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. | agricultural revolution, enclosure movement, new technology, and cottage industry |
| Describe the agricultural revolution. | 15th-19th century when productivity increased and food was more readily available |
| Describe the enclosure movement. | division or consolidation of communal land for personal owning |
| Describe the new technology as a precursor to the industrial revolution. | Farmers were able to use new tools, and production was changed. |
| Describe the cottage industry. | small industry at home by the whole family with their own equipment |
| What were the main reasons for an increase in population? | more food=more babies and tenant farmers from land from the enclosure movement lost their land and moved into cities to find jobs |
| What impact did the increase in population have on urban cities? | It caused overcrowding, new developments, availability for factories, faster production, and a greater demand for jobs. |
| What two types of transportation were developed during the Industrial Revolution? | steam train, and steam boat |
| What year was the Congress of Vienna? | 1814 |
| What were the 3 goals of the Congress of Vienna | boundaries of countries, who would rule, and the future of international relations |
| List the 5 major nations involved in the Congress of Vienna? | Russia, Prussia, Britain, France, and Austria |
| Russia (CofV) | Tsar Alexander I |
| Prussia (CofV) | King Frederick William III |
| Britain (CofV) | Viscount Castlereagh |
| France (CofV) | Charles Talleyrand |
| Austria (CofV) | Prince Klemens von Metternich |
| What nations were part of the Quadruple Alliance? | Russia, Prussia, Britain, and Austria |
| He was an Austrian diplomat (1809-1848), the principle negotiator and dominant member of the Congress of Vienna and helped to shape the post-Napoleonic Europe. | Metternich |
| What was the purpose of the Holy Alliance? | used to repress liberal and revolutionary movements |
| Who proposed the Holy Alliance? | Tsar Alexander I |
| What did other European leaders think of the Holy Alliance? | "a high sounding nothing" bringing religion into it doesn't mean it would work |
| Describe the concept of Dual Revolution. | economic and political changes that reinforced eachother French and industrial revolution |
| What does Eric Hobsbawn mean by "the long 19th century?" | lots of changes in one century |
| Describe reactionary conservatism. | extreme conservatism or rightism (anti-liberal) |
| What was Romanticism a reaction to? | classicism and the Enlightenment |
| What are the ideals of Romanticism? | emotional, intense, spontaneous, and fascinated by nature |
| What nations experienced revolutions in the 1820s? | Portugal, Spain, Sardinia, and Greece |
| What nations experienced revolutions in the 1830s? | France, Belgium, Poland, and Italy |
| Why did the Revolutions of 1848 fail? | lack of unification and orginization within and outside of countries moderate liberal middle class feared radical workers, so there was no unity |
| What book did Karl Marx write? | Communist Manifesto |
| Who did Karl Marx write with? | Fredreich Engels |
| Define communism. | a final stage of society in Marxian theory in which the state has withered away and economic goods are distributed equally |
| What group did Marx believe was oppressed by Capitalism? | proletariat |
| 1st stage of history | primitive |
| 2nd stage of history | slave owning |
| 3rd stage of history | feudal |
| 4th stage of history | capitalist |
| 5th stage of history | communist |
| Explain surplus value. | difference between a worker's wage and the price of a good or service produced by that worker |
| Who benifitted more from profits: workers or capitalists? | captialists |
| What was the role of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat? | has control of the government and ruling |
| Why did conflict exist (D of P)? | the rulers wanted to stay in power and not let the workers take over |
| How should the proletariat gain control? | revolution |
| In socialism, how should wealth be distributed? | equally |
| Austrian Diplomat | Klemens von Metternich |
| one of the most significant political figures in German history since Martin Luther | Otto von Bismarck |
| Prussian minister | Otto von Bismarck |
| Prussian and empirical chancellor (1862-1890) | Otto von Bismarck |
| utilized realpolitik to unify Germany | Otto von Bismarck |
| nicknamed the “Iron Chancellor” | Otto von Bismarck |
| at best a conservative, at worst a reactionary | Klemens von Metternich |
| principal negotiator and dominant member of the Congress of Vienna | Klemens von Metternich |
| supported the restoration of the monarchy | Klemens von Metternich |
| stifled liberalism and nationalism | Klemens von Metternich |
| 1848 - a point in history where history failed to turn | Klemens von Metternich |
| King of Prussia 1861-1868 | Wilhelm I |
| First emperor of Germany 1871-1888 | Wilhelm I |
| Hohenzollern appointed Bismarck to control the Landtag (Prussian Parliament raise taxes to build up the army – rise of Germany as a European Power | Wilhelm I |
| last king of the Papal States | Pope Pius IX |
| initially liberal, turned conservative after revolutions of 1848 in France, Italy, and Germany | Pope Pius IX |
| the assassination of his Minister of the Interior | Pope Pius IX |
| became a “prisoner of the Vatican” in 1870 after Rome joined Italian Unification | Pope Pius IX |
| 1869 First Vatican Council which defined papal infallibility | Pope Pius IX |
| denounced the secular nature of society | Pope Pius IX |
| President of the Second Republic 1848-1852 | Louis Napoleon Bonaparte |
| Emperor Napoleon III 1852-1870 | Louis Napoleon Bonaparte |
| France plays a pivotal role in the unification of Italy and Germany | Louis Napoleon Bonaparte |
| abdicates the throne after the loss of Prussia during the France-Prussian War 1870 | Louis Napoleon Bonaparte |
| lost the territory of Alsace-Lorraine | Louis Napoleon Bonaparte |
| Last king of Prussia | Wilhelm II |
| Last emperor | Wilhelm II |
| inherited the throne at the age of 29 | Wilhelm II |
| bombastic personality | Wilhelm II |
| dismissed Bismarck “dropping of the pilot” 1890 | Wilhelm II |
| favored imperialism rapid expanision for Germany’s “place in the sun” | Wilhelm II |
| build up of naval forces | Wilhelm II |
| militarism | Wilhelm II |
| Welt politik | Wilhelm II |
| Franco-Prussian War | (1870-71) conflict between France and Prussia; signified the rise of Prussian militarism and imperialism; provoked by Bismarck; war and nationalism used as a tool to unify Germany; Hall of Mirrors Jan 18, 1871 - Wilhelm I crowned emperor |
| Treaty of Frankfurt | harsh treatment of France after Franco-Prussian War; 1 billion francs over a 3 year period, and give up the territory of Alsace -Lorraine Papal states no longer protected by Napoleon III |
| Austro-Prussian War | (1866) - 7 week war Prussians won with Bismark to unify northern German states Austro-Hungarian Monarchy recognized excluded Austria from Prussian/German affairs Treaty of Prague |
| Danish War | 1864 second war of Schleswig (Danish fief) first step in Bismarck's German Empire military conflict between Prussia, Austria vs. Denmark |
| Treaty of Vienna | Danish War provides Schleswig annexed by Austria, and Holstein by Prussia |
| Crimean War | (1853-56) Russia vs. Ottoman Empire, Britain, France, and Sardinia Ottoman empire declining Russia expands towards Black Sea Cavour and Sardinia get involved to hopefully raise the Italian question |
| Treaty of Paris | Crimean War Russia defeated marks a turning point in Russian history concert of Europe - the idea great powers should work together was shattered |
| Nationalism | Identify defined by connections with nation; loyalty or pride to a nation; both created and threatened nations (especially Austria-Hungary) |
| Liberalism | Individual natural rights Constitutions, limited political authority, parliamentary bodies, voting rights, economic rights |
| Conservatism | Status quo; aristocracy (especially Metternich) felt threatened by liberalism and nationalism, so they tried to preserve their privileges |
| Junkers | Landed aristocracy of Prussia Hohenzollern - controlled military and rose in social and political influence |
| realpolitik | " power politics" Neo-Machiavellian "end justifies means" Follow own or nations interests |
| "Blood and iron" | Questions of day not decided by speeches and majority but by blood and iron Bismarck before the Landtag justifying the increase in taxes and to build up military |
| Magyars | Ethnic group Largest in Hapsburg Empire Most influential in establishment of nationalism in Hapsburg Empire |
| Red shirts | Comicie rosse Volunteer followers of Guiseppe Garibaldi Expedition of the thousand |
| "Sick man of Europe" | Ottoman Empire under Nicholas I Empire declining due to financial troubles, political corruption Nationalism within Present Europe and Turks who revolted against Sultan Empire lasted 500 years |
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