Industrial Revolution, Restoration of Europe, Karl Marx, and Nationalism
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| He held a pessimistic view that the increase in population would outgrow the increase in the food supply. | Thomas Malthus
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| What did Malthus want the poor to do? | marry later in life to control population growth
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| What was the "Iron Law of Wages?" | Population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level. It just barely keeps people from starving.
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| Who supported the "Iron Law of Wages?" | David Ricardo
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| What is laissez-faire? | a "hands off" form of government
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| What was the "invisible hand" role of government? | government only gets involved to make sure people follow the law but competition regulates the market
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| Who proposed the "invisible hand" role of government? | Adam Smith
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| Seed drill (inventor) | Jethro Tull
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| Seed drill (year) | 1701
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| Seed drill (description) | churned up soil to place seeds which increased the production rate
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| flying shuttle (inventor) | John Kay
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| flying shuttle (year) | 1733
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| flying shuttle (description) | sped up weaving process and increased production by letting an individual weave much wider fabrics
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| water frame (inventor) | Richard Arkwright
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| water frame (year) | 1771
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| water frame (description) | water-powered spinning machine
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| power loom (inventor) | Edmund Cartwright
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| power loom (year) | 1785
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| power loom (description) | a mechanised loom that increased weaving production
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| "The Rocket" (inventor) | George Stephenson
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| "The Rocket" (year) | 1814
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| "The Rocket" (description) | steam-powered locomotive
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| What invention did James Watt improve and adapt for use in the textile industry? | steam engine
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| Who were the Luddites? | a social movement in England who destroyed machines in factories because they thought the machines were taking their jobs
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| What industry were the Luddites associated with? | textile
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| What is the difference between the cottage industry and the factory system? | cottage industry - worked at home, whole family, no set laws
factory system - long hours, punished if rules were broken, strict
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| Subdivision of common land for individual ownership in England was known as the ______. | enclosure movement
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| What nation did the Industrial Revolution begin in? | Great Britain
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| What time period was the Industrial Revolution? | 1780-1850
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| Describe the components of the 1st Industrial Revolution. | centered around iron, steam technology, and textile production
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| Describe the components of the 2nd Industrial Revolution. | steel, railroads, electricity, and chemicals
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| List the 4 factors that contributed to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. | agricultural revolution, enclosure movement, new technology, and cottage industry
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| Describe the agricultural revolution. | 15th-19th century when productivity increased and food was more readily available
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| Describe the enclosure movement. | division or consolidation of communal land for personal owning
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| Describe the new technology as a precursor to the industrial revolution. | Farmers were able to use new tools, and production was changed.
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| Describe the cottage industry. | small industry at home by the whole family with their own equipment
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| What were the main reasons for an increase in population? | more food=more babies and tenant farmers from land from the enclosure movement lost their land and moved into cities to find jobs
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| What impact did the increase in population have on urban cities? | It caused overcrowding, new developments, availability for factories, faster production, and a greater demand for jobs.
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| What two types of transportation were developed during the Industrial Revolution? | steam train, and steam boat
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| What year was the Congress of Vienna? | 1814
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| What were the 3 goals of the Congress of Vienna | boundaries of countries, who would rule, and the future of international relations
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| List the 5 major nations involved in the Congress of Vienna? | Russia, Prussia, Britain, France, and Austria
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| Russia (CofV) | Tsar Alexander I
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| Prussia (CofV) | King Frederick William III
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| Britain (CofV) | Viscount Castlereagh
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| France (CofV) | Charles Talleyrand
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| Austria (CofV) | Prince Klemens von Metternich
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| What nations were part of the Quadruple Alliance? | Russia, Prussia, Britain, and Austria
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| He was an Austrian diplomat (1809-1848), the principle negotiator and dominant member of the Congress of Vienna and helped to shape the post-Napoleonic Europe. | Metternich
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| What was the purpose of the Holy Alliance? | used to repress liberal and revolutionary movements
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| Who proposed the Holy Alliance? | Tsar Alexander I
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| What did other European leaders think of the Holy Alliance? | "a high sounding nothing"
bringing religion into it doesn't mean it would work
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| Describe the concept of Dual Revolution. | economic and political changes that reinforced eachother
French and industrial revolution
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| What does Eric Hobsbawn mean by "the long 19th century?" | lots of changes in one century
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| Describe reactionary conservatism. | extreme conservatism or rightism (anti-liberal)
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| What was Romanticism a reaction to? | classicism and the Enlightenment
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| What are the ideals of Romanticism? | emotional, intense, spontaneous, and fascinated by nature
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| What nations experienced revolutions in the 1820s? | Portugal, Spain, Sardinia, and Greece
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| What nations experienced revolutions in the 1830s? | France, Belgium, Poland, and Italy
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| Why did the Revolutions of 1848 fail? | lack of unification and orginization within and outside of countries
moderate liberal middle class feared radical workers, so there was no unity
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| What book did Karl Marx write? | Communist Manifesto
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| Who did Karl Marx write with? | Fredreich Engels
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| Define communism. | a final stage of society in Marxian theory in which the state has withered away and economic goods are distributed equally
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| What group did Marx believe was oppressed by Capitalism? | proletariat
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| 1st stage of history | primitive
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| 2nd stage of history | slave owning
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| 3rd stage of history | feudal
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| 4th stage of history | capitalist
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| 5th stage of history | communist
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| Explain surplus value. | difference between a worker's wage and the price of a good or service produced by that worker
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| Who benifitted more from profits: workers or capitalists? | captialists
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| What was the role of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat? | has control of the government and ruling
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| Why did conflict exist (D of P)? | the rulers wanted to stay in power and not let the workers take over
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| How should the proletariat gain control? | revolution
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| In socialism, how should wealth be distributed? | equally
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| Austrian Diplomat | Klemens von Metternich
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| one of the most significant political figures in German history since Martin Luther | Otto von Bismarck
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| Prussian minister | Otto von Bismarck
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| Prussian and empirical chancellor (1862-1890) | Otto von Bismarck
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| utilized realpolitik to unify Germany | Otto von Bismarck
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| nicknamed the “Iron Chancellor” | Otto von Bismarck
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| at best a conservative, at worst a reactionary | Klemens von Metternich
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| principal negotiator and dominant member of the Congress of Vienna | Klemens von Metternich
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| supported the restoration of the monarchy | Klemens von Metternich
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| stifled liberalism and nationalism | Klemens von Metternich
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| 1848 - a point in history where history failed to turn | Klemens von Metternich
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| King of Prussia 1861-1868 | Wilhelm I
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| First emperor of Germany 1871-1888 | Wilhelm I
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| Hohenzollern appointed Bismarck to control the Landtag (Prussian Parliament raise taxes to build up the army – rise of Germany as a European Power | Wilhelm I
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| last king of the Papal States | Pope Pius IX
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| initially liberal, turned conservative after revolutions of 1848 in France, Italy, and Germany | Pope Pius IX
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| the assassination of his Minister of the Interior | Pope Pius IX
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| became a “prisoner of the Vatican” in 1870 after Rome joined Italian Unification | Pope Pius IX
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| 1869 First Vatican Council which defined papal infallibility | Pope Pius IX
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| denounced the secular nature of society | Pope Pius IX
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| President of the Second Republic 1848-1852 | Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
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| Emperor Napoleon III 1852-1870 | Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
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| France plays a pivotal role in the unification of Italy and Germany | Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
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| abdicates the throne after the loss of Prussia during the France-Prussian War 1870 | Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
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| lost the territory of Alsace-Lorraine | Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
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| Last king of Prussia | Wilhelm II
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| Last emperor | Wilhelm II
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| inherited the throne at the age of 29 | Wilhelm II
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| bombastic personality | Wilhelm II
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| dismissed Bismarck “dropping of the pilot” 1890 | Wilhelm II
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| favored imperialism rapid expanision for Germany’s “place in the sun” | Wilhelm II
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| build up of naval forces | Wilhelm II
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| militarism | Wilhelm II
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| Welt politik | Wilhelm II
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| Franco-Prussian War | (1870-71) conflict between France and Prussia; signified the rise of Prussian militarism and imperialism; provoked by Bismarck; war and nationalism used as a tool to unify Germany; Hall of Mirrors Jan 18, 1871 - Wilhelm I crowned emperor
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| Treaty of Frankfurt | harsh treatment of France after Franco-Prussian War; 1 billion francs over a 3 year period, and give up the territory of Alsace -Lorraine
Papal states no longer protected by Napoleon III
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| Austro-Prussian War | (1866) - 7 week war
Prussians won with Bismark to unify northern German states
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy recognized
excluded Austria from Prussian/German affairs
Treaty of Prague
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| Danish War | 1864
second war of Schleswig (Danish fief)
first step in Bismarck's German Empire
military conflict between Prussia, Austria vs. Denmark
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| Treaty of Vienna | Danish War
provides Schleswig annexed by Austria, and Holstein by Prussia
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| Crimean War | (1853-56)
Russia vs. Ottoman Empire, Britain, France, and Sardinia
Ottoman empire declining
Russia expands towards Black Sea
Cavour and Sardinia get involved to hopefully raise the Italian question
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| Treaty of Paris | Crimean War
Russia defeated marks a turning point in Russian history
concert of Europe - the idea great powers should work together was shattered
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| Nationalism | Identify defined by connections with nation; loyalty or pride to a nation; both created and threatened nations (especially Austria-Hungary)
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| Liberalism | Individual natural rights
Constitutions, limited political authority, parliamentary bodies, voting rights, economic rights
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| Conservatism | Status quo; aristocracy (especially Metternich) felt threatened by liberalism and nationalism, so they tried to preserve their privileges
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| Junkers | Landed aristocracy of Prussia
Hohenzollern - controlled military and rose in social and political influence
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| realpolitik | " power politics"
Neo-Machiavellian "end justifies means"
Follow own or nations interests
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| "Blood and iron" | Questions of day not decided by speeches and majority but by blood and iron
Bismarck before the Landtag justifying the increase in taxes and to build up military
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| Magyars | Ethnic group
Largest in Hapsburg Empire
Most influential in establishment of nationalism in Hapsburg Empire
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| Red shirts | Comicie rosse
Volunteer followers of Guiseppe Garibaldi
Expedition of the thousand
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| "Sick man of Europe" | Ottoman Empire under Nicholas I
Empire declining due to financial troubles, political corruption
Nationalism within Present Europe and Turks who revolted against Sultan
Empire lasted 500 years
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