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World History Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Aristocracy | government in which powers in the hands of a heredity ruling class or nobility. |
| Direct Democracy | form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives |
| Monarchy | government in which power is in the hands of one person; rule by a king |
| Sparta | city state that had the greatest military power of Greece and played catalytic role in history of Peloponnese |
| Socrates | believed that the absolute standards did exist for truth and justice; accused of corrupting the youth of Athens; died by drinking hemlock |
| Athens | capital and largest city in Greece; Peloponnesian war was fought between them and Sparta |
| Plato | student of Socrates |
| Pericles | wise and able statesman who led Athens during the golden age |
| Alexander the Great | king of Macedon; tutored by Aristotle until 16 years old; |
| Julius Casear | roman general and statesman and writer; part of a triumvirate with Crassus and Pompey; 44 B.C. he was named dictator for life |
| Triumvirate | A group of three rulers; including Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey |
| Roman Republic | government in which power rests within citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders |
| Mark Antony | fell in love with Cleopatra and followed her to Egypt; accused of plotting to rule Romw from Egypt; later committed suicide with Cleopatra |
| Octavian Augustus | defeated CLeopatra and Antony at the naval battleof Actium in 31 BC; set up a civil service- which paid workers to manage the affairs of government such as the grain supply, tax collection, and the postal system |
| Alexander the Great | king of Macedon; tutored by Aristotle until 16 years old; |
| Patricians | wealthy landowners who held most of the power |
| Martyrs | people that died for their faith |
| Plebeians | common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up majority of the population |
| Colosseum | elliptical amphitheater in the centre city of Rome; held many games and festivals |
| Martyrs | people that died for their faith |
| Constantine | ambitious young commander- who would later end the persection of Christians |
| Edict of Milan | granted by Constantine; proclamation that permanantely established religious toleration for Christianity within the Roman Empire |
| Constantinople | city of Constantine |
| Attila the Hun | had 100,000 soldiers; terrorized both halves of the empire |
| Justinian | Christian emperor of the Roman Empire |
| Hagia Sophia | Cathedral of holy wisdom in Constantinople; built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian-Christian Church |
| Constantinople | capital city of the Byzantine Empire,latin, and ottoman |
| Nika Rebellion | 30,000 people killed; in hypodrom;government was too harsh and people wanted to overthrow Justinian; Justinian sent Belisarious to kill foreign invaders |
| Icons | men with signifigant icons; Emperor Leo III banned them-viewing them as idol worship |
| Schism of 1054 | the CHurch officially split; two grooups formed called Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox |
| Roman Catholic | headed by Bishop |
| Eastern Orhodox | Greek- speaking; Byzantine Empire |
| Monastery | where the religious communities that the church built |
| St. Benedict | Italian monk, began writing a book decribing a strict yet practical set of rules for monasteries |
| Pope St. Gregory the Great | he broadened the papacy; used church revenues to raise armies, repair roads, and help the poor;negotiated peace treaties with invaders such as the Lombards |
| Secular | non-religious; power involved in politics |
| Christendom | spiritual kingdom; fanning out from Rome to the most distant churches |
| CHarlemagne | Ruled the kingdom for 47 years; known as CHarles the Great |
| Feudalism | legal and military customs in medieval Europe |
| Fief | granted land |
| Vassal | person recieving a fief |
| Serfs | basically slaves; couldnt leave the place that they were born |
| Manor | estate of land |
| Tithe | a tenth part of ones income |
| CHivalry | complex set of ideals,demanded that a knight fight bravely in defense of three masters |
| Holy Roman Empire | the German-Italian empire Otto created was first called the Roman Empire of the German Nation |
| Lay Investiture | ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials |
| Concordat of Worms | Representatives and the Church and emperor met in the German city of Worms |
| Age of Faith | a new age of religous feeling |
| St. Francis of Assisi | founded the Franciscan order for women |
| Gothic Cathedrals | featured stained glass windows, pointed arches, and ribbed vaults |
| Crusades | one of the expeditions in which medieval Christian warriors sought to recover control of the Holy Land from the Muslims |
| Saladin | fought with Richard to take the Holy land; in the end jersulam remained under Muslim control and he promised that unarmed Christian pilgrims could freely visit the Holy land to pray |
| Richard the Lion-Hearted | king of england; ruled as duke of Normandy and aquitane |
| Reconquista | long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain |
| Inquisition | court held by the church to supress heresy |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | Spanigh monarchs; Columbus was funded by them; united country under CHrstianity |
| Guild | organization of individuals in the same buisness working to improve the economic and social conditions as it members |
| Burgher | merchant-class town dwellers; beginings of Middle Class |
| Vernaculer | everyday language of their homeland |
| Anglo-Saxons | small kingdoms covered the former Roman province of Britian;created by the ANgles and Saxons |
| William the COnqueror | won the battle of Hastings-kept one fifth of England from France |
| King John of ENgland | called john softsword; lost Normany and France |
| Magna Carta | limits the rights of the king |
| Parliament | a body of representatives that makes laws for a nation legislative group; limits kings power; "Edward the 1" |
| Capetian Dynasty | Hugh apet began it; French kings that ruled France |
| Estates General | 1-CHurch leaders 2-the great Lords 3-wealthy landowners,commoners,merchants |
| Renasissance | movement that started in Italy caused and explosion of creativity in art, writing, and thought that lasted approxamtely from 1300 to 1600 |
| Italian City-States | located in the central and northern Italian peninsula |
| Medici Family | banking family/ not part of the nobility |
| Cosimo de Medici | ruled Forence |
| Lorenzo de Medici | ruled as dictator yet kept up the appearance of navingan elected government |
| Humanism | intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievments |
| Secularism | wordly rather than spiritual and concerned with here and how |
| Renaissance Man | later in time it was a man who excelled in many fields |
| Leonardo De Vinci | has tow famous paintings known as the Mona Lisa and the lAst Supper |
| Machiavelli | wrote the Prince and it waas about how a ruler can gain power and keep it in spite of his enemies |
| Queen Elizabeth I | called the virgin queen |
| William Shakespeare | wrote some of the most famous plays |
| Johann Gutenberg | invented the printing press |
| Martin Luther | teacher; taught scripture at university of wittenberg; parents wanted him to be a lawyer |
| 95 Theses | formal statements attacking the 'Pardon Merchants" |
| John Tetzel | friar who raised money to rebuild St. Peters by selling indulgences |
| INdulgences | forgiveness from the effects of sins in purgatory(less time in purgatory) |
| Edict of Worms | issued by Charles V declared Luther outlaw and heretic books burned |
| Lutheran | new religious group led by Luther |
| Peace of Augsburg | each ruler decided theit states religion |
| Henry VIII | he feared a civil war would start if he died wthout a son as a heir so his lack of a male heir |
| Reformation Parliament | passed a set of laws that ended pope's power in England |
| Anne Boleyn | Henry secretly married her |
| ACt of Supremacy | Henry as head of CHurch in ENgland, not pope |
| Thomas More | refused to take the oath for Act of Supremacy; guilty of high treason-executed |
| Mary | returned the English church to the rule of Pope executed protestants |
| Elizabeth I | set up Anglican church- head of it only church in ENgland |
| Ignatious of Loyola | Spanish knight from a noble family; priest and theologian; founded the society of Jesus and was its first superior general |
| Jesuits | religious order of priests and brothers in the Catholic church |
| Pope Paul III | Pope of the Roman Catholic Church |
| Council of Trent | an Ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church |
| Edward VI | king of england and ireland; crowned at age nine |
Created by:
mhs2016
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