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Final Exam cards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| artifact | a human-made object,such as a tool,weapon,or piece of jewelry |
| hominids | a member of a biological group of including human beings and related species that walk upright |
| neolithic | a prehistoric period that began about 8000 B.C.and in some areas ended as early as 3000 B.C.,during which people learned to polish stone tools,make pottery,grow crops,and raise animals-also called the New Stone Age |
| neolithic revolution | the major change in human life caused by the beginnings of farming -that is ,by the people's shift from food gathering to food producing |
| paleolithic (old stone age) | a prehistoric period that lasted from about 2,500,000to 8000 B.C., during which people made use of crude stone tools and weapons -also called the Old Stone Age |
| cuneiform | a system of writing with wedge-shaped symbols, invented by the Sumerians around 3000 B.C. |
| fertile crescent | an arc of rich farmland in Southwest Asia, between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean sea |
| hieroglyphics | an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds |
| mesoamerica | an area extending from central Mexico to Honduras ,where several of the ancient complex societies of the Americas developed |
| slash-and-burn farming | a farming method in which people clear fields by cutting and burning trees and grasses, the ashes of which serve to fertilize the soil. |
| aqueduct | a pipeline or channel built to carry water to populated areas |
| irrigation | the bringing of water to crop fields by means of canals and ditches |
| loess | a fertile deposit of windblown soil |
| mercantilism | an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought |
| silk roads | a system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia,along which traders carried silk and other trade goods |
| silt | the fine soil carried in the water of rivers |
| Aryans | an Indo-Europeans people who, about 1500 B.C., began to migrate into the Indian subcontinent |
| Pharaohs | a king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader |
| Allah | God(an arabic word, used mainly in Islam) |
| Great Schism | a division in the medieval Roman Catholic Church, during which rival popes were established in Avignon and in Rome |
| indulgences | a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin |
| Islam | a monotheistic religion that developed in Arabia in the seventh century A.D. |
| Jainism | a religion founded in India in the sixth century B.C., whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore should not be harmed |
| monotheism | a belief in a single god |
| polytheism | a belief in many gods |
| Qur'an | the holy book in Islam |
| Shinto | the native religion of Japan |
| Torah | the first five books of the Hebrew Bible-the most sacred writings in the Jewish tradition |
| Vedas | four collections of sacred writings produced by the Aryans during an early stage of their settlement in India |
| Vishnu | a hindu god considered the preserver of the world |
| Cultural Diffusion | the spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another |
| hellenistic | relating to the civilization, language art, art, science, and literature of the Greek world from the reign of Alexander the Great to the late second century B.C. |
| humanism | a Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements |
| perspective | an artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface |
| chivalry | a code of behavior for knights in medieval Europe,stressing ideals such as courage, loyalty, and devotion |
| crusades | one of the expeditions in which medieval Christian warriors sought to recover control of the Holy Land from the Muslims |
| guilds | a medieval association of people working at the same occupation, which controlled its members' wages and prices |
| lord | in feudal Europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals |
| vassal | in feudal Europe, a person who received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and services |
| balance of power | a political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others |
| bureaucracy | a system of departments and agencies formed to carry out the work of government |
| centralized government | a government in which power is concentrated in a central authority to which local governments are subject |
| democracy | a government controlled by its citizens, either directly or through representatives |
| divine right | the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God |
| dynasty | a series of rulers from a single family |
| monarchy | a government in which power is in the hands of a single person |
| republic | a form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by the people |
| theocracy | a government controlled by religious leaders |
| Bil of Rights | the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution,which protect citizens' basic rights and freedoms |
| Edict of Nantes | a 1598 declaration in which the French King Henry IV promised that Protestants could live in peace in France and could set up houses of worship in some French cities |
| Magna Carta | " Great Charter"- a document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up by nobles and approved by King John in A.D. 1215 |
| Pax Romana | a period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180 |
| French and Indian War | a conflict between Britain and France for control of territory in North America, lasting from 1754 to 1763 |
| Peloponnesian War | a war lasting from 431 to 404 B.C., in which Athens and its allies were defeated by Sparta and its allies |
| Seven Years War | a conflict in Europe, North America,and India, lasting from 1756 to 1763,in which forces of Britain and Prussia battled those of Austria , France,Russia and other countries |
| Thirty years' war | a European conflict over religion, over territory,and for power among ruling families, lasting from 1618 to 1648 |
| War of the Spanish Succession | a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France |
| anthropologists | scientists that study culture,or people's unique way of life |
| agricultural revolution | dramatic change in human diet |
| Augustus | Octavian accepted this title which means 'exalted one' |
| Charlemagne (Charles the Great) | Frankish King under whom Germanic power, the church and Roman heritage were united |
| Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) | Mayor of the Palace; more powerful than King; increased kingdom and defeated Muslim in Battle of Tours(732) |
| Vikings | Norsemen or Northmen / traders and explorers |
| Socrates | great philsopher |
| Plato | student of Socrates |
| Aristotle | student of Plato |
| Alexander the Great | Egypt and Persia were conquered by him and his empire extended over 3 continents |
| Draco | prepared a harsh legal code |
| Augustus | most powerful ruler of the mightiest empire of the ancient world -Roman |
| William the Conqueror | Duke of Normandy; invaded England with Norman army; claimed English Crown - Battle of Hastings- changes English History- William declares England personal property; lays foundation for centralized govt. |
| Magna Carta | great charter; most celebrated document; signed by king John reluctantly signed by king John; guaranteeing basic political rights in England; later controversy over classes; |
| magna Carta | drawn up by nobles - rights included no taxation without representation; jury trial and protection of the Law |
| Black Death | bubonic plague; began in Asia; traded thru trade routes; tore society apart; jews were scapegoat for plague; disrupted society and hastened changes |
| Confucianism | 6 million followers; Confucius=God; holy book=The Analects &the Five Classics; Beliefs - strong family; respect for parents; and education |
| Joan of Arc | at 13 had visions and heard saints telling her to help King Charles VII drive England from France; French; leads French to Victory over English before death in 1431;put on trial by church as a witch- English embarrassed -political not religious |
| Crusades | holy war to gain control of holy land- first issued by Pope Urban II / are launched to capture Jerusalem from the Muslims/leads to legacy |
| Chivalry | a code of behavior for knights in medieval Europe stressing ideas such as courage, loyalty and devotion |
| Feudalism | a political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service and protection of the people who live on the land |
| Guilds | a medieval association of people working at the same occupation, which controlled its members' wages and prices (like Unions of today) |
| Knights | Knights served under vassal(person receiving fief-land from Lord)-Knights were mounted warriors who pledged to defend their lord's land in exchange for fiefs(granted land) |
| Knighthood | page (7)send to castle of Lord - he waited on lord, developed fighting skills/ Squire(14) acted as a servant to a knight/ Knight(21) squire becomes a full fledged knight |
| Vassal | person receiving a fief(land)from a Lord |
| Medieval Period | also called the Middle ages - era in history that saw the gradual decline of the Roman empire - 500-1500 - DARK AGES |
| Holy Land | Biblical region of Palestine; area where Jesus lived and preached |
| KNIGHTHOOD | 3 masters- earthy father/heavenly lord and lady; also protect weak and poor; ideal knight=loyal,brave,courteous |
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