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Chapter 11
Unit 3 - Islam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does Arabia equal? | The Arabian peninsula |
| What was Arabia mostly? | Pastoral |
| What led to some sedentary agriculture in Arabia? | Some oases and mountain valleys |
| Where was Arabia located at? | On the Silk and Sea Roads trade routes. |
| What did trade give cities? | Growth |
| What did trade in Arabia lead to? Why? | Conflict with Mediterranean traders because of cultural differences of the Arabs. |
| Who did early Arabs worship? | Spirits |
| What religions did early Arabs adopt? | Eastern Orthodoxy, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. |
| Why was Mecca an important city? | It was the site of Kaaba. |
| What was Kaaba in Mecca originally? | A shrine for ealry sprits and gods. |
| What did the Muslims later come to believe of the Kaaba in Mecca? | That it was built by Ishmael in Biblical times as a representation of God's house in Heaven. |
| What was the Kaaba a representation of? | God's house in heaven. |
| What did many pilgrims before Islam do? | Came to the shrine of Kaaba to worship. |
| Who controlled the Kaaba? What did they do with it? | The Quraysh, and they charged taxes and fees to see it. |
| What is ordered in Islam that involves the Kaaba? | Every Muslim must see it. |
| What happened to Mecca by the time of Muhammad? | It was the place to be and the Quraysh were the only ones making money from it. |
| What is simliar between Islam, Judaism, and Christianity? | All were monotheistic. |
| Who is Allah? | The only god and the all-poweful Creator in Islam. |
| Who is Muhammad? | The messenger of God. |
| How did Muhammad present himself? Who was this like? | Presented himself in the tradition of earlier prophets like Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. |
| What did Muhammad demand? Who was this like? | Like the Jewish prophets and Jesus, Muhammad demanded social justice. |
| What did Muhammad do because he demanded social justice? | Laid out a prescription for its implementation. |
| What doe pbuH mean? | Peace be upon Him. Him is Muhammad. |
| What must every Muslim say if they Muhammad's name? | Peace be upon him. |
| What was Prophet Muhammad's early life like? | He was born poor in Mecca, orphaned, and later became a successful merchant. |
| What did Angel Gabriel reveal to Muhammad? | The Quran |
| What is the Quran? | The new testament of Allah. |
| Why was the God of Islam not happy? | He did not like the way people had been worhsipping. |
| What did the God of Islam want? | A return to the pure religion of Abraham. |
| What is the pure religion of Abraham? | There is one God, no drinking, idols, or pork, and people should submit to God. |
| What does Muslim mean? | One who submits. |
| What did the message of the Quran challenge? | The tribal and clan structures of Arab society. |
| Why did the message of the Quran challenge the tribal and clan structure of Arab society? | It challeneged polytheism. |
| What happened as a result of the Quran challenging Arab society? | Scoial problems like feuding and violence by the different tribes in Arab society began. |
| What is umma? | The just and moral soceity of Islam. |
| What did umma replace? | Tribal, ethnic, and racial identities. |
| What would umma show other societies? | How to live righteously. |
| What were people bound to in Islam? What was this instead of? | Bound to the belief of umma, not a territory, language, or tribe. |
| What is the first Pillar of Islam? | There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of God. |
| What is the second Pillar of Islam? | You must pray five times a day at prescribed times and perform them while facing Mecca. |
| What is the third Pillar of Islam? | Believers must generously give their wealth to maintain the community and to help the needy. |
| What is the fourth Pillar of Islam? | You must participate in Ramadan, a month of fasting (no food, drink, or sexual relations) from dawn until sundown. |
| What is the fifth Pillar of Islam? | You must make a pilgrimage to Mecca (The Hajj) once in your life. |
| What is the real Jihad also known as? | The greater Jihad |
| What is the real Jihad? | The struggle to live a pure and good life for God. |
| What is the Jihad sometimes called? | The sixth pillar of Islam |
| is the lesser Jihad also known as? | Jihad of the sword. |
| What is the lesser jihad? | You must defend God against his enemies. |
| What does the Quran say about killing? | It is wrong for any reason, whether it is killing Muslims or non-Muslims. |
| Mow do Muslims feel about killing? | Some kill in the name of Allah, but most say that if you kill, you are not a Muslim. |
| What was the umma kind of like? | A supertribe |
| What was membership to the umma based on? | It was a matter of belief rather than birth. |
| What happened to the umma since membership was based on belief? | It expanded rapidly. |
| Who had all the religious and political authority? | Muhammad |
| What is usury? | Loaning to the poor and charging huge interest rates. |
| How was umma different from the traditional tribes of Arab society? | Usury was outlawed, taxes were removed from markets, and mandatory payments to the poor were imposed. |
| What was the young Islamic community seen as? | Revolutionary and distinct from Christianity. |
| What did Jesus' teaching about "giving Caesar what is Caesar's and to God what is God's" reflect? | The minority and subordinate status of the Jews within the Roman Empire. |
| What did the religion of Judaism and later Christianity reflect? | A natural separation of faith and government. |
| What was Muhammad to Islam? | Not just a religious figure, but also a political and military leader, unlike Jesus and Buddha. |
| Who were as much a part of the Arabic government and society as Islam itself? | Religious teachers and priests. |
| What was their no distinction between in Islam? | Religious law and civil law. |
| What did the new Arab state become? | A huge empire. |
| What did the new Arab state encompass? | All or part of Egyptian, Roman/Byzantine, Persian, Mesopotamian, and Indian civilizations. |
| What was the very large empire of the new Arab state united by? | A single faith : Islam. |
| What did Islam not have a lot of, unlike Persia and the Byzantium? | Internal fighting. |
| Who did Islam defeat and why? | Byzantium and Persia because they underestimated Islam. |
| What were Muslims famous for? | Being good traders. |
| What was a big part of the spread of the Arab Empire, due to Muslims being famous for being good traders? | Controlling important trade routes and cities. |
| Why did the Arabs want to expand? | To protect the umma and to provide righteous givernments to the people they conquered. |
| Where did Muhammad have a snamml following at? Who opposed him? | Mecca, rtibal leaders |
| What did Muhammad do because tribal leaders opposed him? | Took his group and left Medina? |
| What is Muhammad taking his group and going to Medina also known as? | hijrah |
| Where did Muhammad return to after leaving? What did he do there? | Mecca with an army to fight the tribal leaders and he also converted the city. |
| What increased after Muhammad fought the tribal leaders and converted the city? | Military take-overs and mass conversions all over Arabia. |
| How is Islam different from Christianity? | Islam was not a persecuted minority religion like Christianity was in the Roman Empire, and it didn't separate the church and state. |
| What did Arab forces do during the Battle of Talas River in 751? | Reached the Indus River and seized some of the major oases towns of Central Asia. |
| Where is the Talas River, and what happened there during the Battle of Talas River? | Kazakhstan. Arabs crushed the Chinese Army. |
| What happened as a result of the Arabs crushing the Chinese army at the Tals River? | It checked China's expansion and showed them they could be defeated, and it also allowed Turkic speaking people to convery to Islam. |
| What did Muslims recognize Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians as? | People of the book |
| What is the People of the Book also called? | Dhimmi |
| How did Muslims recognize Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians as people of the book? | They respected and protected them the same as Muslims, and allowed them to practice in Muslim countries. |
| What did every non-Muslim a Muslim country have to do? | Pay a head tax for no being a Muslim. |
| Today, who most prepare Muslims' food for them to eat it? | A dhimmi |
| Why was it easy to convert from Judaism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism to Islam? | Islam was very similar |
| Who were among the early converts to Islam? | Slaves and prisoners of war. |
| Who could avoid the head tax? | Converts |
| What were the benefits to converting to Islam that involved trade? | Merchants found a friendly religion to commerce, and in the Arab Empire they enjoyed a huge and secure arena for trade. |
| Why did people who aspired official positions convery to Islam? | It was an aid to social mobility. |
| What was Islam equated with? | Success |
| What do the Shia's and Sunni's disagree on? | Who should be the caliph? |
| What is a caliph? | A person who is the successor of Muhammad and the leader of the Muslims. |
| Who did the Shis feel the caliph should be? | A relative to Muhammad |
| Who did the Shia trust because the first four caliphs were not related to Muhammad? Why? | Imams, or spiritual leaders, o lead the Shis Muslims where the caliphs lacked. |
| Who do the Sunni want the caliph to be? | A person selected by the ulama, which is religous scholars and wise men. He doesn't have to be related to Muhammad. |
| Who didn't like the first caliph after Muhammad and why? | The Shia because he wasn't related to Muhammad, although he was a close friend. |
| What happened to the first caliph after Muhammad, Abu Bakr? | He had to fight back rebellions and claims of new "prophets" |
| What happened to the third and fourth caliphs, Uthman and Ali? | They were both assassinated. |
| What followed the "Rightly Guided Caliphs"? | A huge civil war among the Muslims. |
| Who ruled the first dynasty after the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs? | The Umayyad family. |
| What happened during the first dynasty after the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs? | The greatest expansion of all time in the empire, the caliphs got power from family, and the capital moved to Damascus, Syria. It also became very military driven. |
| What did the Umayadd rule provoke? | Growing criticism and unrest. |
| How did the Shia view the Umayyad caliphs? | As illegitimate usurpers |
| What did many Arabs protest? | The luxurious living of their rulers. |
| What is the Sharia? | Islamic law |
| What does the Sharia tell Muslims? | What to do and how to be |
| Why did many Muslims not life the Sufis? | They were mystical Muslims. |
| Who ruled after the overthrow of the Umayadd dynasty? | The Abbasids |
| Where did the Abbasids move the capital to? | Baghdad, Iraq |
| Was the Abbasid empire bigger or smaller then the Umayyad? | Bigger |
| What were many non-Arabs given during the Abbasid rule? | Roles in the government. |
| What was the claiph called during the Abbasid rule? | The sahdow of God on Earth |
| What did the power of the caliph give way to during the Abbasid rule? | Local governors (sultans) who had a lot of influence by Turkish and Persian leaders. |
| What is a sultan? | A local governor |
| What did the Sufis think of the worldy success of Islam? | It was a bad thing. |
| Who were the Sufis? | A group of very mystical people. |
| What did the Sufis want to see? | The real side of Allah through prayer and meditation. |
| What did the Sufis not see a need for? | Any formal government structure of Islam. |
| What did the Sufis renounce? | The material world. |
| For the Sufis, what could music and dance lead to? | A closeness with Allah. |
| How could Sufis reach Allah? | By veneration, or great respect, of Him or saints. |
| What were Suif Muslims critical of? | Mainstream Islam. |
| What did the Sufis think of the Sharia? | It wasn't enough. |
| What did the Sufis think of the Quran? | It only went so far. |
| What did the Sufis think of the ulama? | They wer corrupted by interacting with governments and the world. |
| What did the Sufis say? | They would find their own way to God. |
| What were establishment teachings about the law and correct behavior to the Sufis? | It was useful for daily living, but it did little to bring the believer into the presence of God. |
| What did the Quran give women? | Restrictions and protections. |
| What did the Quran say about men and women? | They are equal. |
| What did Islam prohibit that was earlier a practice? | Infanticide |
| How did Islam change the lives of women involving property? | They had control of their own property, got dowries, and inheritance, but at half the rate of males. |
| How did Islam change the lives of women when it came to marriage? | There was no marriage by capture, or polygamy for women. Men could have numerous wives. |
| What became common for women at the rise of Islam? | Veiling ans seclusion. |
| Ultimately, what were women still to men at the rise of Islam? | Subordinate |
| What role did numerous women play in early Islamic times? | Visible public roles |
| How did Sufis treat women? | They were equal to men in their religion. |
| What are the mullahs? | Women faith teachers in the Shia. |
| What did some women gain at the rise of Islam? | Literacy from Islamic schools |
| What are the hadiths? | The sayings of Muhammad. |
| What did the hadiths restrict women from? | Much more than Quran. |
| What happened as Islamic empires spread through traditional Middle Eastern cultures? | Signs of the separation of the sexes and a tightening patriarchy appeared. |
| As Islamic empires spread throughout traditional Middle Eastern cultures, what did local laws take power from? | The Quran, in some areas. |
| What happened to wives by their husbands if they cheated or violated sexual norms? | Their would be an honor killing or female circumcision. |
| What were women viewed as as Islamic empires spread through traditional Middle Eastern cultures? | Weak, deficient, and a sexually charged threat to men. |
| What happened if women violated the "pure family"? | They got in big trouble because it was very important. |
| What led to the spread of Islam in India, Anatolia(Turkey(, and Spain? | Conquest and traders |
| Where and how did Sufis lead to conversions? | In India and Anatolia by accommodating local tradtions. |
| Where did Islam become one of many faiths, and where did it become the dominant faith? | One of many - India, West Africa, and Spain Dominant - Anatolia |
| How did Islam come to India? | The Turks invaded and destroyed Hindu and Buddhist temples. |
| What did the New Sultante of Deli in India do? | Made things more systematic. |
| Why did Buddhists and low-caste Hindus like Islam? | It seemed prestigious |
| What did Sufis become when Islam came to India? | Holy men |
| How much of India converted to Islam? How much of Anatolia? | India - 1/4 Anatolia - 90% |
| What did a lot of Hindus end up doing? | Serving Muslim leaders |
| Who mixed ideas of Hinduism and Islam? | The Sufis |
| What is Sikhism? | A religion with Islam and Hindu ieads incorporated equally. |
| What differences in India led to a smaller conversion of Islam? | Islam was monotheistic, compared to India being polytheistic. Islam had equality of believers, and India had the caste system. Islam had sexual modesty and India had open eroticism. |
| Why did more people convery to Islam in Anatolia than in India? | Anatolia was much smaller and was united by the Turkic language. They also barred Christians. |
| What happened to the church in Anatolia that helped the large percentage of people that were Islamized? | It fell, and the culture had nothing to hold on to so it absorbed Islam. |
| What was Anatolia based on? | Centralized church and state. |
| Why did India better resist the shock of Islamic invasion? | Everything was much less organized and diverse, so the tribal and local groups could resist the shock better. |
| What was India able to maintain? What happened to Anatolia? | India was able to maintain much of its original cultural aspects. Anatolia just became a copy of Arabia. |
| What did Anatolia reward converts with? | High government positions |
| Why was it easier to convert to Islam in Anatolia? | Anatolian culture was more similar to Arab culture. |
| How did Islam come to North and West Africa? | By traders and without conflict. |
| Where did Islam mostly go in North and West Africa? | Urban center, because of the traders |
| Where in Africa was Islam very strong? | Northern Africa |
| What did Timbuktu in Mali have? | 150 Quranic schools, with universities (madrassas) and huge libraries. |
| What is a madrassas? | A univerisity in Islam |
| In Africa, what was Arabic? | A language or education, good governmental administration and trade. |
| What was there a movement of in Africa? What was missing? | Arabic culture without Arabic people. |
| Where was Islam only at in Africa until the 1800s? Where did it go then? | Only in the cities at first, then it went to the countryside. |
| How did the Muslims take over Spain? | The Arabs and Berbers (indigenous north Africans) invaded in the 700s. |
| What was Islam not in Spain? What also remained? | The exclusive religion after the takeover. Christianity also remained. |
| Who all got along until around 1000? | Christians, Muslims, and Jews. |
| Who are Mozarabs? | Christians who adopted Islamic culture, but not the religion. |
| What were the Christian v. Muslim wars due to? | Limitations from strict Islamic regime. |
| Who did the Christians reconquer? | Spain by 1492 |
| Why was commerce in the Islamic world valued as a positive thing? | Muhammad had been a trader, the pilgrimage to Mecca fostered commerce, and the urbanization that accompanied the growth of Islamic civilization also promoted trade. |
| What agricultural products were diffused and exchanged as trade developed a capitalist economy that spanned the Old World? Where did some of these technologies find their way into? | Rice, sugarcane, new strains of sorghum, hard wheat, bananas, lemons, limes, watermelon, coconut palms, spinach, artichokes, and cotton. Found their way into the Middle East and Africa. |
| What did the Muslims improve from China? | Rockets and paper. |
| What was translated into Arabic? | Scientific, medical, and philosophical texts, especially from ancient Greece. |
| What did Arab scholars invent? What did they use to invent it? | Using Indian numerical notation, they invented algebra. |
| What else did the Arab scholars improve upon? | Astrology, medicine, pharmacology |
| What do the journeys of the travelers Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo reveal about the world of the 13th and 14th centuries? | They show that Islamic civilization was then the central fact of the Afro-Eurasian world, while Europe was still on the margins. |
| What happened after 1700? | Europeans increaseingly assumed the central role in world affairs. |
| What did the military weakness of the Persian and Byzantine Empires do? | Helped the Arabs to rapidly establish their empire. |
| What did religious enthusiasm do? | Helped the Arabs to rapidly establish their empire. |
| Did new military technology help the Arabs succed in establishing their empire? | No. |
| What empire was weak in Persia that helped the Arabs establish their empire? | The Sassanid |
| Did the crossbow help the Arabs to rapidly establish their empire? | No |
| As far as world conquerors go, who would subject peoples have approved of? | The Arab rulers of the seventh and eighth centuries. |
| Where did rulers restrict Arab armies of occupation to? | Garrison towns, segregated from the native populations. |
| Who were Arab rulers happy to accept into the empire? | Local elites |
| What did Arab rulers not force their new subjects to do? | Convert to Islam |
| How were the rulers of the new Arab Empire generous to conquered peoples? | They allowed them freedom to practice their own religion. |
| Why was the Shia branch of Islam formed? | A leadership crisis occured that caused a divide between the Sunnis and the Shiites. |
| What did the Sunni/Shia begin as? | A fight over two rival notions of authority. |
| Who did the Shiites believe leadership should remain with? | The family of the prophet Muhammad. |
| When a leadership crisis occured, what happened? | A division between the Sunnis and the Shiites. |
| Did the Shia believe that Husayn, the son of Ali, was the messiah? | No. |
| What is Islamic law also known as? | Sharia |
| What does Islam acknowledge its kinship to? | Judaism and Christianity |
| What does the Judeo-Christian bible not have? | No special religous authority for Muslims. |
| What are hadiths? | The traditions and sayins of Muhammad? |
| What three things were the basis of Islamic law (sharia)? | The Quran, human reason, and the hadiths. |
| Who was Anatolia much more Islamized as? | India |
| What happened to the Christian institutions of Anatolia? | They were left leaderless and in dissarray after the Turkic invasion. |
| Where did many more Muslim Turks settle? | Anatolia |
| What did the Sufis establish? | Social services. |
| What did the social services that the Sufis established do? | Took the place of Christian organizations. |
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