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World History Vocab.
World History Chapter 5 Vocab.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Stamp Act | A law passed by the British parliament that raised tax money by requiring the American colonists to pay for an official stamp whenever they bought paper items. |
| Thomas Jefferson | Wrote a draft of the Declaration, incorporating ideas from Locke and Rousseau. |
| Benjamin Franklin | Well educated leader, member of the commitee to write a document declaring the colonies' independence from Britain. |
| George Washington | Commanding general of the army in June 1775; was a courageous and resourceful leader. |
| Treaty of Paris | The agreement that officially ended the American Revolution and established British recognition of the independence of the United States. |
| James Madison | Played a leading role in negotiating the main points. |
| Federal System | A system of government in which power is divided between a central, or a federal, government and individual states. |
| Salons | Gatherings in which intellectual and political ideas were exchanged during the enlightenment. |
| Social Contract | An agreement between a people and their government, stating that people would give up some of their freedom and in return, their government would provide them with peace, security and order. |
| John Locke | English philosopher, believed that people were naturally happy, tolerant and reasonable; Argued that all people were born equal with the natural rights of life, liberty and property. |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | French philosopher, believed that people were basically born good; despised inequality in society. |
| Baron de Montesquieu | French thinker, argued that the best form of government included a separation of powers; dividing power among branches of government, he believed, would prevent any individual or group from abusing its power. |
| Philosophes | Philosophers of the enlightenment. |
| Voltaire | French philosopher and author, he was a supporter of Deism, he also advocated a tolerant approach to religion. |
| Enlightened Despot | The absolute monarchs in 18th century Europe who ruled according to the principles of the enlightenment. |
| Johannes Kepler | German mathematician, Tycho Brahe's assisstant; published the resultof Brahe's measurements of the orbit of Mars; proved heliocentric theory was right. |
| Galileo Galilei | Italian astronomer, mathematician and physicist; his discoveries, including the law of motion of falling objects, put him into conflict with the Roman Catholic Church. |
| Isaac Newton | English scientist,Changed the world of science by bringing together astronomy, physics and mathematics, explained his law of universal gravitation. |
| Andreas Vesalius | Flemish doctor, became known for his work in anatomy of universal of Padua in Italy. |
| William Harvey | English physician, observed and explained the workings of the human heart in the early 1600s; described how blood and the circulatory system functioned. |
| Antony van Leewenhoek | Dutch scientist, used his interests in developing a magnifying lens to invent the microscope; first person to describe appearance of bacteria, red blood cells, yeast, and other microrganisms. |
| Robert Hooke | English physicist and inventor, used an early microscope to describe the appearance of plants at a microscopic level; is credited with creating the term cell. |
| Robert Boyle | 'Father of modern chemistry',first chemist to define an element, described matter as a cluster of tiny particles, also described how temperature, volume and pressure affect gases. |
| Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier | French chemist, developed methods for precise measurements in the 1700s. |
| Enlightenment | A time of optimisim and possibility from the late 1600s to the late 1700s; also called the Age of Reason. |
| Geocentric Theory | Changing the genetic makeup of a plant or animal to create a new type. |
| Scientific Revolution | A transformation in European thought in the 1500s and 1600s that called for scientific observation, experimentation, and the questioning of traditional opinions. |
| Scientific Method | A method of inquiry that promotes observing, measuring, explaining and verifying as a way to gain scientific knowledge. |
| Francis Bacon | Helped develop the Scientific Method; wrote in 1620 that the only true way to gain scientific knowledge was the experimentation. |
| Rene Descartes | Helped develop the Scientific Method, believed that everything should be doubted until it could be proven by reason. Relied on mathematics and logic to prove basic thruths. |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | An astronomer, recognized that the geocentric theory did not explain the movements of the sun, moon and planets accurately. |
| Heliocentric Theory | Scientific Theory that has the sun as the center of the universe with the earth rotating around the sun. |
| Tycho Brahe | Danish astronomer, when a bright object appeared in the sky over Denmark in 1572,wrote a book proving that the object was a newly visible star that was far away; he called it supernova. |
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