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World History
Middle Ages/Islam - Chapters 8, 9 and some 11 from Prentice Hall World History
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Medieval | A civilization that emerged, blending Greco-Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions. It is also known as the Middle Ages. |
| Franks | A Germanic tribe that conquered the former Roman province of Gaul. They were the strongest Germanic kingdom to emerge. |
| "Five Pillars of Islam" | Five basic duties of Islam. Declaration of Faith, Daily Prayer, Giving Charity to the Poor, Fasting from Sunrise to Sunset During the Holy Month of Ramadan, and Hajj (Pilgrimage) to Mecca. |
| Mosque | Houses of worship where Muslims usually gather to pray, although they may pray anywhere. |
| Jihad | A struggle in God's service that some Muslims look upon as another duty. They sometimes focus on a spiritual effort to overcome immorality within themselves or engage in warfare to spread/defend Islam. |
| Hajj | A pilgrimage to Mecca that all Muslims, who are able to, are expected to take to visit the Kaaba, at least once in their lives. |
| Quran | This contains the sacred word of God as revealed to Muhammad. It is also the final authority over all matters. It emphasizes honesty, generosity, and social justice. |
| Caliph | A successor to Muhammad to continue in his footsteps and unify Islam. |
| Abbasids | A dynasty that Abu al-Abbas founded which ended Arab dominance and helped make Islam a truly universal religion. |
| Sunni | They thought the caliph should be chosen by leaders of the Muslim community. They believed inspiration came from the example of Muhammad as recorded by his early followers. |
| Shiite | They thought that the only true successors to the prophet were descendants of Muhammad's daughter and son-in-law (Fatima and Ali). They thought that descendants of the Prophet were "divinely inspired." |
| Fuedalism | A system of rule during the Middle Ages where powerful local lords divided their land up among lesser lords, known as vassals. The vassals then pledged service and loyalty to their lord (the local lords). |
| Fuedal Contract | This was the contract between lords and vassals. The lord gave a vassal a fief and promised to protect him. In return, the vassal pledged loyalty to his lord and agreed to give the lord with 40 days of military service a year, money payments, and advice. |
| Lord | Someone who owned a great amount of land and sometimes, if powerful enough, a castle. They ruled over vassals. |
| Vassal | A lesser lord who pledged service and loyalty to a greater lord above him in exchange for a fief and protection. |
| Fief | An estate that a lord granted his vassal. It could range from a few acres to hundreds of square miles and included peasants to work on the land and any towns or buildings on the land. |
| Knight | A mounted warrior that nobles would begin training for by the age of 7. They were dubbed a knight by and older knight. |
| Tournaments | When warfare decreased these mock battles began. Lords would invited knights to enter contests of fighting skill. The earlier tournaments were as dangerous as real battles and captured knights were held for ransom. Later they got more ceremony/ritual. |
| Chivalry | A code of conduct that knights adopted. It required them to be brave, loyal, and true to their word. They had to fight fairly. They had to treat captured knights well and release them if they promised to pay their ransom. It said women would be protected. |
| Manor System | A lord's estate where peasants (who were mostly serfs) lived and worked. The peasants worked several days a week farming the lord's land. They repaired roads, bridges, and fences. They were given food, housing, and land. |
| Manor | A lord's estate where peasants worked. It was basically like a town, except for that the lord was kind of like a king. Peasants produced almost everything. In the manor, there were a bunch of small one-room huts, a water mill, and a tiny church. |
| Serf | Most peasants on a manor were serfs. They were bound to the land and were not free. They couldn't leave the manor without a lord's consent. If the manor was given to a new lord, serfs went with it. If your parent was a serf, you were. |
| Sacraments | The sacred rites of god which priests administered. Christians believed that these, along with faith of god, would lead them to salvation. |
| Secular | A wordly force. The church became the most powerful secular in medieval Europe. |
| Papal Supremacy | Medieval popes claimed this authority over all secular rulers. |
| Excommunication and Interdict | Forms of punishment. If you were excommunicated you could not receive the sacraments or a Christian burial. If a powerful noble opposed the church they faced an interdict which excommunicated a whole town. |
| Canon Law | The medieval church's body of laws that applied to religious teachings, the clergy, marriages, and morals. |
| Simony | The selling of church offices which Pope Gregory VII prohibited. |
| Monks | These were men who withdrew from normal life to work in a monastery. They devoted their lifes to spiritual goals. |
| Friars | Orders of monks who, instead of living in isolated monasteries, traveled around Europe's towns, preaching to the poor. |
| Monasteries and Convents | Where monks and nuns looked after the poor and sick and set up schools for children. They also provided food and lodging to travelers. |
| Anti-Semitism | Prejudice against Jews. This worsened when people were faced with problems like illness or famine, and so Christians blamed Jews |
| Bill of Exchange | This helped a merchant traveling, because they could travel without gold coins (easily stolen). A merchant deposited money with a banker (in his home city). The banker issued a bill of exchange that the merchant exchanged for cash in a distant city. |
| Middle Class | A new class that appeared consisting of merchants, traders, and artisans. It stood between the noble and peasant classes. |
| Domesday Book | A census that William of Normandy had taken. It included every castle, field, and pigpen in England. It helped him and later English monarchs build an efficient tax system. |
| Magna Carta | A great charter that John signed that affirmed a long list of feudal rights. It asserted that the nobles had certain rights and made it clear that the monarch must obey the law. |
| Parliament | The Great Council. It acquired a large role in government. It was a two house body: House of Lords (Nobles and High Clergy) and House of Commons (knights and middle class). During the Hundred Years War it became the "power of the purse." |
| Common Law | A legal system based on custom and court rulings. It applied to all of England. People began to choose this over noble courts or the Church. |
| Lay Investiture | The emperor or another "lay" person (not a member of the clergy) invested (presented) bishops with the ring and staff that symbolized their office. Pope Gregory VII banned this so that only (he) the pope could put bishops into office. |
| Crusades | A war between the Middle East and the Christians for Palestine (The Holy Land). The Muslims won, but then later handed it over to the Christian pilgrims. Only in the First Crusade did the Christians come close to achieving their goal. |
| Reconquista | A campaign to drive the Muslims out of Spain. The Christians started this, from the little kingdoms they owned in Spain. |
| Black Death | A bubonic plague that spread by fleas on rats. One in three people died. The rats came on ships into Europe and fleas would come onto traders' clothes and packs, and would come into Europe that way. |
| Charlemagne | Known as Charles the great. He built a huge empire across France, Germany, and part of Italy. When he helped against rebellious nobles he was crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III. His conquests reunited much of the old Roman Empire. |
| Muhammad | Muhammad was a successful merchant. He married Khadija, who was the first person the convert the the faith he began (Islam). After the angel, Gabriel, called him to be the messenger of God he began to teach the Islamic faith. |
| Ali | The fourth caliph who was assassinated in 661 in a struggle for leadership. |
| Abu-al-Abbas | He founded the Abbassid dynasty after one of his generals killed members of the Umayyad. |
| Harun al-Rashid | A caliph who ruled from 786 to 809. He was admired as a model rule because the city of Baghdad reached it's peak under his reign. He was viewed as a symbol of wealth and splendor. |
| Benedict | A monk named Benedict who organized the monastery of Monte Cassino in Southern Italy. He drew up a set of ruled to regulate monastic life. |
| Francis and Dominic | They made a reform movement by setting up friars. Francis set up the Franciscan order to preach poverty, humility, and love of god. Dominic set up the Dominican order to combat heresy by teaching official Roman Catholic beliefs. |
| Pope Gregory VII | A former monk who extended the Cluniac reforms to the entire church. He outlawed marriages for priests and prohibited simony. To end secular influence, he insisted that the church, not kings or nobles, choose Church officials. |
| King John I | He lost his struggles against King Philip II of France, Pope Innocent III and his own English nobles.He lost a war with Philip II. He battled with Innocent III over selecting a new archbishop and was excommunicated and an interdict being placed on Europe. |
| Pope Innocent II | He argued with John I over selecting a new archbishop. When John rejected his nominee he responded by excommunicating John and placing England under the interdict. |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | They made a final push against the Muslim strong-hold of Granada. They ended the Reconquista and tried to impose unity on their diverse people. Isabella achieved religious unity by expelling Jews from Spain and driving non-converting Muslims from Spain. |
| Pope Urban II | He called for a crusade to free the Holy Land, hoping to increase his power and mend the split between Roman and Byzantine churches. |
| Saladin | A Muslim leader who took over Jerusalem. In the third Crusade the Europeans tried to get it back, but failed. After some negotiations he reopened it to the Christian pilgrims. |
| John Wycliffe and Jan Hus | They attacked Church corruption. Wycliffe insisted that the Bible, not the Church, was the source of all Christian truth. His followers translated the bible into English. Jan Hus called for reforms in Bohemia. They were persecuted. |
| Joan of Arc | A peasant who left Charles VII's army against the English. She led the French to several victories. Then she was taken captive by the allies of the English, and burned at the stake. The church, much later, declared her a saint. |
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