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AP HUG Ch. 6
Mr. Nyren's AP HUG Ch. 6: Language
| Terms | Definition |
|---|---|
| language | a set of sounds, combination of sounds and symbols that are used for communication |
| standard language | the variant of a language that a country's political & intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life. |
| dialects | local or regional characteristics of a language; while accent refer to the pronunciation differences of a standard language, a dialect, in addition to pronunciation variation, has distinctive grammar and vocabulary |
| isogloss | a geographic boundary within which a paticular lingustic feature accurs. |
| mutual inteligibility | the ability of two pwople to understand each other when speaking |
| dialect chains | a set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related |
| language families | group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin |
| subfamilies | divisions within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent |
| sound shift | slight change in a word across languages within subfamilies or through a language family from the present backward toward its origin |
| Proto-Indo-European | linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral Indo-European language that is the hearth of the ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit languages |
| backward reconstruction | the tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" toward the original language |
| extinct language | language without any native speakers |
| deep reconstruction | technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that proceeded the extinct language |
| nostratic | language believed to be the ancestral language not only of Proto-Indo-European, but also the Kartvelian languages. languages such as Hungarian, Finnish, Turkish, and Mongolian |
| language divergence | the opposite of language convergence; a process suggested by German linguist August Schleicher whereby new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to the lack of spatialinteraction among speakers of the language |
| language convergence | the collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of people with different languages; the opposite of language divergence |
| Romance languages | languages such as French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian and Portuguese |
| Germanic languages | languages such as English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish |
| Slavic languages | languages that developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago |
| lingua franca | today, it refers to a "common language" a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce. |
| pidgin language | when parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary |
| Creole language | a language that began as a pidgin language, but was later adopted by the mother tongue by the people in places of the mother tongue |
| monolingual states | countries in which only one language is spoken |
| multilingual states | countries in which more than one language is spoken |
| official language | in multilingual countries, the language selected , often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote intrenal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and the government |
| global language | the language commonly used around the world |
| place | uniqueness of a location |
| toponym | place name |
Created by:
DH_love
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