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Chapter 15
Renaissance and Reformation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Renaissance | "rebirth", following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome. |
| Humanism | An intellectual movement during the Renaissance that focused on the study of worldly objects, such as poetry and philosophy, and on human potential and achievements. |
| Secular | Having to do with worldly, as opposed to religious, matters. |
| Baldassare Castiglione | Italian diplomat and write; he wrote The Courtier, one of the most important books of the Renaissance, in which he delineates the rules and correct behaviors for a courtier to adopt in order to win favor from a ruler. |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | Italian political philosopher and statesman; he wrote The Prince, which advised rulers to separate morals from politics. He insisted that a ruler do whatever is necessary to succeed and that the ends would justify the means. |
| Lorenzo de Medici | Florentine ruler; he supported some of the most talented Renaissance artists. He was known for his patronage and liberal mind. |
| Leonardo da Vinci | Italian painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer, and scientist; his interests and talents spanned numerous disciplines. He painted the Mona Lisa. |
| Michelangelo Buonarroti | Italian Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter, and poet; he sculpted the Pieta and the David, and he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. |
| Raphael | Italian Renaissance painter, he painted frescoes, his most famous being The School of Athens. |
| Johannes Gutenberg | German inventor and printer, he invented movable type. His first printed publication was a 1,282-page Bible. |
| Desiderius Erasmus | Dutch priest and humanist; he wrote on the need for a pure and simple Christian life. To his regret, his writings fanned the flames of discontent with the Roman Catholic Church. |
| Sir Thomas More | English statesman and author; he wrote Utopia, which describes an ideal society. |
| William Shakespeare | English dramatist and poet; he is considered one of the greatest dramatists of all time and wrote such works as Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and A Midsummer Night's Dream. |
| Christine de Pisan | French poet and author; her work The City of Women discusses the role of women in society. She championed the causes of equality and education for women. |
| Albrecht Durer | German painter, engraver, and theoretician; he combined Italian Renaissance techniques of realism and perspective with elements unique to the northern Renaissance, such as the use of oils in his paintings. |
| Jan van Eyck | Flemish painter, his paintings focused on landscapes and domestic life and fused the everyday with the religious. |
| Protestant Reformation | A religious movement in the 1500s that split the Christian church in western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new churches. |
| Indulgences | Pardons issued by the pope of the Roman Catholic Church that could reduce a soul's time in purgatory; from the 1100s to the 1500s, indulgences could be purchased, which led to corruption. |
| Martin Luther | German monk, whose protests against the Catholic Church in 1517 (the Ninety-Five Theses) led to calls for reform and to the movement known as the Reformation. |
| Theocracy | A government ruled by religious leaders who claim God's authority. |
| John Calvin | French Protestant theologian of the Reformation; he founded Calvinism, which was associated with the doctrine of predestination. |
| Predestination | The belief that at the beginning of time God decided who would gain salvation. |
| Henry VIII | King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and it's embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532. |
| Annulled | Declared invalid based on church laws. |
| Elizabeth I | Queen of England from 1558 to 1603; a skillful politician and diplomat, she reasserted Protestant supremacy in England. |
| Counter Reformation | The Catholic Church's series of reforms in response to the spread of Protestantism in the mid-1500s to early 1600s. |
| Jesuits | members of a Catholic religious order, the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. |
| Ignatius of Loyola | Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits(1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation. |
| Council of Trent | A meeting of church leaders in the 1500s whose purpose was to clearly define Catholic doctrines for the Catholic Reformation. |
| Charles Borromeo | Archbishop of Milan from 1560 to 1584; he took steps to implement the reforms ordered by the Council of Trent. |
| Francis of Sales | French Roman Catholic leader and preacher; he worked to win back the district of Savoy, in France, from Calvinism. |
| Teresa of Avila | Spanish Carmelite nun and one of the principal saints of the Roman Catholic Church; she reformed the Carmelite order. Her fervor for the Catholic Church proved inspiring for many people during the reformation period. |
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