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A & P 01 E
CanColl May12 MCQ AP1 E
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| def: Chemotaxis | a process whereby a substance attracts cells towards or away from its vicinity - commonly found when phagocytic cells are drawn to invaders |
| what is the functional unit of the kidneys? | the nephron |
| name the two functional parts of the nephron | renal corpuscle and the renal tube |
| name the two components of the renal corpuscle | glomerulus and the glomerular (Bowmans's) capsule |
| what are the three components of the renal tubule? | proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle & distal convoluted tubule |
| name the two types of nephrons | cortical nephrons and juxtmedullary nephrons |
| what is the dif between the two types of nephrons (anatomically) | the cortical is solely within the cortex - the juxttamedullary includes both thin and thick ascending limbs of the loop of Henle |
| what is the dif between the two types of nephrons (functionaly) | juxtamedullary nephrons can excrete very dilute or very concentrated urine because of the longer thin loops of Henle |
| three steps of formation of urine | filtration (water + solutes out into Bowman's capsule), reabsorption (most water and useful solutes retaken from prox con tubule), secretion (at distal end - waste into collecting tubules) |
| how do diuretics work | they slow reabsorption of water ( step 2) and therefore elevate the urine flow and reduce blood volume |
| order of the components of the vascular system | arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins |
| describe flow of blood thru heart | sup & inf vena cava, right atrium, right AV valve (tricuspid), right ventricle, pulmonary semi-lunar valve, pul artery, lungs, pul vein, left atrium, left AV (bicuspid/mitral)valve, left ventricle,aortic semi-lunar valve, aorta |
| what does the coronary artery supply | oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself |
| is the cardiovascular system open or closed | closed |
| nucleotides are the building blocks for | DNA & RNA - the codes for protein synthesis |
| pulmonary circulation is referring to which side of the heart | the right side |
| system circulation is referring to which side of the heart | the left side |
| cessation of blood to the brain will cause loss of consciousness in what period of time? | 5 - 10 seconds |
| hepatic portal circulation is referring to (arterial or venous) blood going where? | venous blood is detoured from the GI-tract - thru the liver to be filtered and detoxed |
| 60% of of blood is made up of | plasma |
| 40% of blood is made up of | formed elements i.e. RBCs, WBCs and platelets |
| what makes up most of the formed elements in blood? | RBCs represent 99% of the formed elements |
| hemostasis means | blood clotting |
| what is the main function of RBCs and how are they composed | iron and oxygen/carbon dioxide carrying - each has 4 hemoglobin molecules and each molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecules |
| what is the main function of WBCs | they support the immune system |
| name the two main types of WBCs | granular and agranular |
| what do the two types of WBCs do | granular: esoinophils, basophils and neutrophils agranular: lymphocytes and monocytes |
| what is the main role of the platelets in blood | clotting - stopping blood flow when vessels are damaged |
| name the three tunics or layers of an artery | from in to out - tunica interma (intima), tunica media, tunica externa ( adventitia) |
| which layer contains muscle | tunica media |
| what is the hollow center of the vessel called | the lumen |
| anastomoses | unions of branches of two or more arteries supply the same body region |
| name the types of capillaries | true capillaries, continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries, sinusoids |
| the lumen of a vein is larger or smaller than that of a comparable artery? | larger |
| veins maintain blood flow by the use of many _______ , which project into the lumen | valves - thin folds of the tunica interna |
| def: blood pressure | the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of a blood vessel |
| mostly - blood pressure is generated by what mechanism? | the contraction of the ventricles |
| BP depends upon the total volume of blood in the CV system. What is the normal blood volume for an adult? | 5 litres |
| Resistance refers to the opposition to blood flow as a result of friction - and is dependent upon what factors | vessel diameter, vessel length and blood viscosity |
| cardiac output | the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute |
| Stroke volume | the volume of blood ejected by the ventricle with each contraction |
| Heart rate | the number of beats per minute |
| How long on average does it take for the entire volume of blood (approx 5 L) to circulate or pass thru the system? | about one minute |
| circulatory shock | an inadequate cardiac output that results in a failure of the CV system to deliver enough oxygen to meet the metabolic needs of the cells |
| signs of shock | clammy, cool, pale skin, tachycardia, weak rapid pulse, sweating, hypotension, altered mental status, reduced urine formation, thirst, acidosis, nausea |
| type of shock: hypovolemia | most common type - decrease of blood volume resulting from a loss of blood or plasma |
| type of shock: anaphylactic shock | severe allergic reaction - eg insect bite, injection of a drug, etc |
| type of shock: neurogenic | occurs following a trauma to the head - malfunction of the CV centre in the medulla oblongta |
| type of shock: septic shock | due to certain bacterial toxins producing vasodilation - the most common cause of death in hospital critical care units |
| type of shock: obstructive shock | blood flow thru CV system is blocked - most commonly by pulmonary embolism |
| What are the stages of shock? | Stage 1, stage 2 and stage 3 |
| Stage 1 shock means | syptoms and signs are minimal - body compensates to avoid serious damage - usually full recovery |
| stage 2 shock means | blood volume drops more than 15 - 25% - compensatory mechanisms can not maintain adequate blood flow - immediate medical intervention is required |
| stage 3 shock (irreversible) | rapid deterioration of the CV system - that canot be rectified - positive feedback loop - heart stops - and then you die |
Created by:
Hanz Onn
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