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Fund of Disease Ch15
Fund of Disease Chapter 15--Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Osteomyelitis(myel/o--bone marrow) is an | inflammation of bone & bone marrow |
| A common cause of osteomyelitis is | staph(staphylococci) aureus |
| Signs & symptoms of osteomyelitis include | 1.Pain 2.Chills 3.Pyrexia(fever) 4.Leukocytosis(elevated white blood count) |
| Osteomyelitis is a common complication of an | open FX(fracture) AKA compound FX |
| A complication of osteomyelitis is bone necrosis(death) called | sequestrum |
| The Osteomyelitis infection responds well to | antibiotics |
| TuBerculosis (TB) is primarily a disease of the | lungs |
| Pulmonary TB(TuBerculosis) left untreated can spread to the | bones |
| Pott's disease is TB(TuBerculosis) that affects the | vertebral column of children |
| Pott's disease can lead to | vertebral deformities and paralysis |
| Vertebral deformities caused by Pott's disease may lead to | surgical correction |
| TB(TuBerculosis) reponds well to | antibiotics(INH) |
| Rickets is a disease affecting | infants and young children |
| Rickets is caused by a deficiency of | Ca(Calcium) and/or vitamin D |
| The bones of the child with rickets are | soft & tend to bend causing deformities(bow legged or knock-kneed) |
| The child's muscles are flaccid(limp) with Ricket's because | muscles need Ca(Calcium) for proper muscle contraction |
| With Ricket's teething may be delayed and there is a characteristic of | pot belly |
| Rickets is associated with | malabsorption syndrome(inability to absorb fat soluble vitamins A,D,E & K) |
| The most common prophylaxis(preventative) and Tx(treatment) for rickets is | sunlight(10 min/day) and the RDA(Recommended Daily Allowance) of Ca(Calcium) with Vitamin D |
| OsteoMalacia(OM) is a softening(malacia) and decalcification of the bones in | adults |
| The bones particularly affected by OM(OsteoMalacia-bone softening) include the | vertebral column, pelvis & legs |
| The bones with OM/OsteoMalacia tend to | bend, deform and FX(fracture) easily |
| OM/OsteoMalacia is associated with | malabsorption syndrome(inability to absorb fat soluble vitamins A,D,E & K) |
| The most common prophylaxis(preventative) and Tx (treatment) for OM/OsteoMalacia is | sunlight(10min/day) and the RDA(Recommended Daily Allowance) of Ca(Calcium) w/ vitamin D (2-3 daily servings) |
| Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with | breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, MS(Multiple Sclerosis), OP(OsteoPorosis), heart disease, DM(Diabetes Mellitus) and HTN(HyperTensioN/high blood pressure) |
| Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica (OFC) usually results from hyperparathyroidism which causes | bone decalcification |
| Signs & symptoms of OFC(Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica) include | nephrolithiasis(kidney stones), bone deformities & spontaneous FXs(fractures) |
| Tx of OFC(Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica) includes | removal of parathyroid tumor or parathyroidectomy |
| OsteoPorosis (OP) is a | loss or thinning of BMD(Bone Mineral Density) AKA osteopenia(deficiency of bone) |
| Risk factors of OP (OsteoPorosis) include | Females 80% >Family hx >Deficient vit D +/or Ca/Calcium>Sedentary lifesyle(disuse atrophy)>Smoking >Thin/small frame>1-2 ETOH drinks/day doubles risk of OP >Excessive caffeine consumption>Being White/Asian>Estrogen level reduce>Prolong SAIDs |
| The degree of OP(OsteoPorosis) risk also depends on amount of BMD(Bone Mineral Density) acquired between ages | 25-35 |
| Signs & symptoms of OP(OsteoPorosis) include | 1.A predisposition of FXs(fractures) especially the wrists, pelvis, & vertabrae(compression FX(fractures) 2.Kyphosis(hunch back) 3.Loss of HT(Height) |
| Dx(diagnosis) of OP(OsteoPorosis) depends on | Patient hx(history), bone densitometry and DEXA(dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) |
| Tx(treatment) of OP(OsteoPorosis) includes | 1.Sunlight & 500mg x 3 daily of Ca(Calcium) with vitamin D(do not exceed 2500mg/day) 2.Regular exercise 3.ERT(Estrogen Replacement Therapy) AKA HRT(Hormone Replacement Therapy) for postmenopausal women 4.The use of calcitonin(Miacalcin)in extreme cases |
| Bone density tests are recommended for the following | 1.Type I DM(Diabetes Mellitus) 2.Liver or kidney disease 3.Menopause 4.Over age 50 |
| Paget's disease is AKA | osteitis deformans |
| Paget's disease is an idiopathic(unknown disease) possible genetic overproduction of | abnormal bone tissue |
| Signs & Symptoms of Paget's disease include | 1.Osteomalacia(bone softening) 2.Easy FXs(fractures) 3.Deformities of the legs 4.Abnormal curvatures in the vertebral column(scoliosis) |
| A complication of Paget's disease is | OS(Osteogenic Sarcoma) which is a primary bone malignancy |
| The most common benign bone tumor is an | osteoma |
| an osteoma can be | asymptomatic(no symptoms) |
| A primary bone malignancy is called an | osteogenic sarcoma(OS) complication of Paget's disease |
| OS (osteogenic sarcoma) is more common in | young adults(18-35 year olds) |
| If pain, decreased mobility or swelling occurs with osteoma then | surgery is performed to remove the tumor |
| A common sign of OS(Osteogenic Sarcoma) is | easy FXs(fractures) |
| Tx for OS (Osteogenic sarcoma) includes | 1.Chemotherapy(antineoplastics) 2.Surgical removal of a tumor(possible amputation of the affected limb) |
| Most commonly, malignant bone tumors are secondary tumors that have | metastasized(spread) from another site |
| Secondary bone tumors cause | easy FXs(knees) and extreme pain |
| The Px(Prognosis) for a secondary bone malignancy is | poor |
| Arthritis is an | inflammation of a joint(s) |
| Arthritic symptoms include | pain, edema(swelling) and stiffness of the joints especially upon waking |
| Joints commonly affected by arthritis include | lumbar vertebrae, hips, knees, and fingers |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA) is considered an | autoimmune and genetic |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA) is the most serious form of arthritis can cause | contractures (flexion & fixation of joints) |
| Signs & symptoms of RA (rheumatoid arthritis) include | pain, edema(swelling), erythema(redness), warmth, and stiffness of the joints especially on waking |
| RA(Rheumatoid Arthritis) is systemic so it can affect | all of the joints |
| RA(Rheumatoid Arthritis) can cause scar tissue to fuse the ends of the bones causing | immobility(crippling) |
| RA(Rheumatoid Arthritis) can cause enlargement of the joints called | rheumatoid nodules |
| Tx for RA(rheumatoid arthritis) includes | 1.ROM(range of motion) exercises 2.Rest 3.NSAIDs(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs/celebrex) 4.Enrel, Orencia, Humira, & Simponi (innumosuppressants) |
| Foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids can | reduce swelling, stiffness, & pain |
| OsteoArthritis(OA) is the most common form of arthritis & can accompany | age |
| OA(OsteoArthritis) commonly affectsx joints in the | fingers, neck, low back, knees, & hips |
| Other causes of OA(OsteoArthritis) include | 1.chronic irritation or injury 2.heredity 3.obesity(knees & hip) |
| The primary symptoms of OA(OsteoArthritis) are | pain & stiffness of the joint(s) |
| OA(OsteoArthritis) can cause DJD(Degenerative Joint Disease) causing irregular bone deposits called | spurs |
| There is no cure for OA (OsteoArthritis) but the Tx includes | 1.ROM (range of motion) exercises 2.Rest 3.Heat therapy 4.Vitamin D,C,E and beta carotene 5.green tea 6.SAIDs & NSAIDs 7.THR (total hip replacement) & TKR (total knee replacement) |
| Gout is a form of arthritis that usually afffects great toes and is caused by hyperuricemia(blood condition of excessive uric acid) causing deposits of uric acid crystals in the | joints & kidneys |
| The onset of gout is usually sudden and freqently affects men over the age of | 40 |
| Complications of gout include | 1.joint deformities 2.kidney damage |
| Tx for gout include | 1.refrain from consuming organ meat, anchovies, sardines & beer 2.Antigout medication (uloric) |
| Carpal tunnel syndrome(CTS) is caused by compression of the | median/middle nerve in the wrist |
| CTS(carpal tunnel syndrome) is more common in women & usually strikes around ages | 35-40 |
| Signs & symptoms of CTS(carpal tunnel syndrome) include | numbness and tingling in the hand progressing to pain that can radiate up the arm to the shoulder(especially at night) |
| CTS(Carpal tunnel syndrome) is a | RSI(repetitive strain injury) |
| CTS(carpal tunnel syndrome) usually develops when a | wrist is kept in a flexed position for extended periods to perform repetitive tasks |
| High risk groups for CTS(Carpal tunnel syndrome) include | 1.computer users 2.beauticians 3.dentists 4.playing musical instruments 5.use of vibrating tools |
| Dx of CTS (carpal tunnel syndrome) is confirmed with | 1.A hx(history) of repetitive hand movements with a flexed wrist 2.EMG(ElectroMyoGraphy) |
| Tx for CTS(carpal tunnel syndrome) includes | 1.proper wrist alignment 2.avoidance of repetitive movements 3.braces & splints 4.NSAIDs 5.Surgery |
| Herniated Intervertebral Disk(HID) is AKA a | slipped or ruptured or bulging disk |
| A HID (herniated intervertebral disk) occurs more frequently in the | lower lumbar region of the back and is many times caused by poor body mechancis |
| The primary complication of a HID(herniated intervertebral disk) is | pressure exerted on the spinal cord and/or spinal nerve(s) causing weakness, tingling, numbness & extreme pain |
| A common spinal nerve affected by a HID(herniated intervertebral disk) is the sciatic nerve causing | sciatica(irritation of a sciatic nerve) |
| Tx for HID(herniated intervertebral disk) includes | 1.bed rest on a firm mattress 2.muscle relaxants(skelaxin) 3.narcotic analgesics(percodan) 4.heat application 5.Trx(traction) 6.TENS(transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) 7.Surgery(diskectomy & vertebral fusion) |
| Muscular Dystrophy(MD) is a hereditary disease of which there are several forms causing | muscle degeneration(deterioration) which totally disables the individual |
| The most common and serious form of MD(Muscular Dystrophy) is called | Duchenne |
| MD(Muscular Dystrophy) can appear at any age but generally starts appearing at age | 3 to 5 |
| Most individuals with MD(muscular dystrophy) do not live to | adulthood |
| Death is caused by the effect of MD(Muscular dystrophy) on the | heart and respiratory muscles |
| Dx of MD(Muscular dystrophy) is confirmed by an | EMG(ElectroMyoGraphy) and muscle Bx(biopsy) |
| Tx of MD(Muscular dystrophy) includes | PT (physical therapy), OT (occupational therapy), and orthopedic assistance devices (braces, crutches, wheel chairs) |
| Myasthenia gravis(MG) is an | idiopathic(unknown disease) autoimmune neuromuscular disorder |
| MG(myasthenia gravis) occurs more often in | women |
| MG(myasthenia gravis) is caused by a defect in the | transmission of nerve impulses to the muscles (the nerve that weakens the muscle) |
| MG(myasthenia gravis) has been linked to | abnormal antibodies produced by the thymus |
| Muscles commonly involved in MG(Myasthenia gravis) include | 1.eye movement 2.eyelid movement 3.facial expressions 4.chewing 5.talking 6.swallowing |
| Tx for MG (Myasthenia gravis) includes | 1.thymectomy (surgical removal of the thymus) 2.Immunosuppressants(predisone) |
| A hernia is a | protrusion of a structure through the tissue in which it is normally enclosed |
| A HH(hiatal hernia) is a | protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm AKA diaphragmatic hernia |
| An UH(umbilical hernia) is a | protrusion of the intestine through the umbilicus |
| An IH (Inguinal hernia) usually refers to a | protrusion of the small intestine into the scrotum |
| A strangulated(incarcerated) hernia can cause | ischemia(starvation of oxygen/O2) and/or necrosis(death) to the tissue it surrounds |
| Tx of a hernia includes | 1.abdominal supports(truss) 2.Hernioplasty(surgical removal of a hernia) |
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pattiluv
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