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chapter7sec1and2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| drug that prevents pain during surgery | anesthetic |
| the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers | enclosure |
| Scottish engineer who improved the efficacy of the steam engine, making it the key source of power for the industrial revolutio | James Watt |
| to separate iron from its ore | smelt |
| money to invest in enterprises | capital |
| a business organization in an area such as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories | enterprise |
| someone who manages and assumes the financial risks of starting a new business | entrepreneur |
| cottage industry; raw cotton was distributed to peasant families, who spun it into thread and then wove the thread into cloth in their homes | putting-out system |
| in 1793, invented the cotton gin, which sped up the previously time-consuming job of separating cotton fibers from cotton seeds | eli whitney |
| private road built by an entrepreneur who charged travelers a toll, or fee, for use | turnpike |
| site of the world's first major rail line in 1830 | Liverpool to Manchester |
| where did the industrial revolution begin? | Britain |
| The ______ ________ was the process by which production shifted from simple hand tools to complex machinery. | Industrial Revolution |
| The Industrial Revolution made changes in people's daily lives. Where did these changes start? | In the farm fields of Europe |
| _______ improved output but displaced peasant farmers. | Enclosure |
| With the help of what large landowners consolidated their holdings | legislation from Parliament |
| ______ ______ were more efficient, producing more food with less labor and cost | larger farms |
| But ______ _______ threw many poor farm workers off the land | land enclosure |
| Who provided a pool of labor to tend machines in the growing manufacturing cities? | displaced farm workers |
| This agricultural revolution caused a _______ explosion in Europe | population |
| What else helped trigger changes | new technology |
| In 1709 who found a way to smelt iron using coal instead of charcoal | Abraham Darby |
| what was the result of smelting iron? | less expensive and better-quality iron useful to make parts for steam engines |
| Darby's son and grandson continued to perfect the smelting process, which led to what? | iron bridges and railroad tracks |
| What played key roles in the Industrial Revolution | new materials and forms of energy |
| In 1712 ______ _________ invented a steam engine to pump water from mines | Thomas Newcomen |
| In 1764 ______ _______ set out to make Newcomen’s engine more efficient. | James Watt |
| Watt’s engine became the power source to run what? | factories, trains, and steamships |
| During the 1700s, _____ was harnessed to produce steam for power | coal |
| New ________ quickly changed people’s lives. | technology |
| the telegraph made what possible? | Messages could instantly be sent long distances |
| the sewing machine made what possible | Machines could stitch far faster than a seamstress |
| antiseptics made what possible? | reducing infections which saved lives |
| what was one of several factors that led to the Industrial Revolution in Britain | population growth |
| What did Britain have that made it ripe for industrialization in the 18th century? | plentiful natural resources; Natural ports, Navigable rivers, Water for canals, Access to the sea, A plentiful supply of coal,Vast supplies of iron |
| In the 1700s, Britain had what? | skilled inventors, ready workforce, and a growing population |
| to meet the growing demand for jobs and products, one more thing was needed...what was it? | money to start new businesses |
| Entrepreneurs needed capital, or money to invest, in business enterprises such as what. A ________ had accumulated the needed capital | shipping, mining, and manufacturing; business class |
| Britain had what additional advantages | stable government; no river tolls;navy protected shipping and overseas trade |
| What was Britain's largest industry? | cotton cloth products, or textiles |
| what speeded up the process of making cotton cloth? | flying shuttle sped up weaving; the spinning jenny spun several threads at once; the water frame used water to power the process |
| the farmers were able to keep up with advances of making the cotton by what? | the cotton gin |
| Factories brought together ______ and _______ to produce large quantities of goods | workers and machinery |
| Machines were too large to put in peasant homes, so they were placed where. | in large sheds along swift-moving rivers, which provided power |
| As production increased, cheaper ways were needed to do what? | move products |
| what was the result of turnpikes? | products traveled faster and soon england was linked by a series of roads |
| ________ were dug to link rivers or to connect inland towns to coastal ports | canals |
| In 1763, the ________ _______ was opened | bridgewater canal |
| what was the result of the bridgewater canal | The owners profited from the tolls, while the price of coal in the city of Manchester was cut in half; a canal frenzy began |
| Railroad lines crisscrossed _____, _______, and the _____ ______ by 1870 | england; europe; US |
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