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Ch. 20 Vocab
Keyterms and People
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Old Order | The political and social system in place in France before the Revolution. |
| King Louis XVI | King of France from 1774 to 1792; his unpopular policies helped trigger the French Revolution. Deposed by the National Convention, he was executed by guillotine. |
| Marie-Antoinette | Queen of France, wife of King Louis Xvi; she was queen during the French Revolution and disliked by many French citizens. She was found guilty of treason and guillotined. |
| First Estate | In pre-Revolution France, the clergy. |
| Second Estate | In pre-Revolution France, the nobles. |
| Third Estate | In pre-Revolution France, the bourgeoisie, artisans, workers, and peasants. |
| Bourgeoisie | The urban middle class; merchants, professionals, and manufacturers. |
| Sans Culottes | "without breeches"; a radical group of shopkeepers and wage earners during the French Revolution who wanted a larger voice in government and an end to food shortages. |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen | A document that laid out the basic principles of the French Revolution-liberty, equality, and fraternity. |
| Radical | A person with extreme views. |
| Maximilien Robespierre | Leading figure of the French Revolution; he was known for his ion to the intense dedication to the Revolution. He became increasingly radical and led the National Convention during its most bloodthirsty time. |
| Guillotine | A device use during the French Revolution for beheading people. |
| Counterrevolution | A revolution against a government established by a revolution. |
| Reign of Terror | A period during the French Revolution in which Robespierre-led government executed thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens. |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | general; Emperor of France; he seized power in a coup d'etat in 1799; he led French armies in conquering much of Europe, placing his relatives in positions of power. Defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled on the island of Elba. |
| Admiral Horatio Nelson | British admiral; he defeated Napoleon's navy in Egypt and again at the Battle of Trafalgar. |
| Coup d'etat | "stroke of state"; the sudden overthrow of a government by force. |
| Plebiscite | The procedure used to submit the constitution of a new government to the people for a yes-or-no vote. |
| Continental System | The system of commercial blockades of Britain and continental Europe set in place by Napoleon with the intent of destroying Britain's economy. |
| Nationalism | Sense of pride and devotion to one's nation. |
| Czar Alexander I | Czar of Russia from 1801 to 1825; after the defeat of the Napoleons army in 1812 he became one of the most powerful leaders in Europe, supporting the suppression of all revolutionary movements in Russia and Europe. |
| Hundred Days | Period that marks the time between Napoleon's return to Paris from Elba, his final defeat at Waterloo, and the restoration of King Louis XVIII. |
| Duke of Wellington | British soldier and statesman; he led the British troops against Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo. |
| Prince Klemens von Metternich | Austrian statesman and diplomat; he was the Austrian representative at the Congress of Vienna. |
| Charles Maurice de Talleyrand | French statesman and diplomat; he was one of the negotiators at the Congress of Vienna. He represented France on behalf of Louis XVIII. |
| Indemnity | Compensation that is paid to a nation for the damage inflicted upon it in a war. |
| Reactionary | An extremist who not only opposes change but also wants to undo certain changes. |