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Chapter 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What has been a prominant feature of human history? | exchange of goods among communities occupying different ecological zones |
| What has long motivated exchange? | Uneven distribution of goods and resources |
| What linked and shaped distant societies and peoples? | Long-distance trade |
| How was trade significant? | Altered consumption |
| Why did trade affect the day to day working lives of many ppl? | Encouraged ppl to specialize in producing particular products for sale in distant markets rather than for use in their own communities |
| What did trade diminish? | The economic self sufficieny of local societies |
| Trade shaped ___? | Societies |
| __ became a distinct social group? | Traders |
| Trade became a means of? | Social mobility |
| Chinese merchants could? | Purchase landed estates and establish themselves within the gentry class |
| How did long distance trade also enable elite groups in society to distinguish themselves from commoners? | Aquired prestigious goods from a distance (silk, tortoise shells, rhinoceros horn, or particular feathers) |
| The association with ___ of ten conveyed status in commerce more remote from major civs? | Faraway or powerful societies signaled by the possession of their luxury goods |
| What was sometimes transformed by trade? | Political life |
| __ motivated the creation of states in various parts of the world and sustained those states once that had been constructed? | Wealth available from controlling and taxing trade |
| What posed a set of problems to governments? | Commerce |
| Trade became ___ for the spread of religous ideas, tech innovations, disease bearing germs, and plants and animals to regions far from their place of origin? | The vehicle |
| __ made its wat from India to Central and East Asia? | Buddhism |
| ___ crossed the Sahara into West Africa? | Islam |
| Where did the Black Death devastate? | Eurasia |
| What did outer Eurasia consist of? | Relatively warm, well-watered areas, suitable for agriculture |
| Eurasia provided the setting for which great civs? | China, India, Middle East, Mediterranean |
| Where was innner Eurasia? | The lands of eastern Russia and Central Asia |
| What did inner Eurasia consist of? | Harsher and drier climate, most not conduvtive for agriculture |
| What were products of the forest and semi arid northern grasslands called? | Steppes (hides, fur, livestock, wool, and amber) |
| What were steppes exchanged for? | Agricultural products and manufactured goods of adjacent civs |
| What served to diffuse Indo-European languages, bronce metallurhy, horse-based tech, and more all across Eurasia? | Movement of pastoral ppls |
| What did the Han dynasty seek? | Control the nomadic Xiongnu and to fain access to the powerful "heavenly horses" that were important to Chinese military forces |
| By the early centuries of the Common Era, indirect trading connections often brokered by pastoral ppls linked ___? | The classical civs in a t=network of transcontinental exchange |
| When did Silk Road trading prosper most? | When large and powerful states provided security for merchants and travelers |
| What centuries did the Silk Road trade flourish again? | 17th and 18th centuries CE |
| ___ created an almost continuous belt of strong states across Eurasia? | The Muslim Abbasid dynasty and Tang dynasty (China) |
| In the 13th and 14th centuries ___ briefly encompassed almost the entire route of the Silk Roads in a single state(giving a renewed vitality to long distance trade)? | Mongul Empire |
| What usually carried an array of goods? | Camel caravans(transferred the harsh and dangerous steppes, deserts, and oases of Central Asia) |
| What system symbolized Eurasian exchange system? | Silk |
| Where was the demand for silk and cotton textiles? | Roman Empire |
| In both ___ and ___ silk became a symbol of high status (gov passed laws that restricted silk clothing to members of the elite)? | China and Byzantine Empire |
| Silk became associated with the sacred in the expanding ___? | World religions of Buddhism and Christianity |
| Silk wall hangings, altar covers, and vestments became highly prestigious signs of __ and ___? | Devotion and piety |
| Where did the silk industry not develop until the 12th century? | Western Europe |
| What did the Silk Road focus on? | Luxury goods |
| Peasants in the Yangzi River delta of southern China gave up cultivation of food crops for? | Producing silk, paper, porcelain, lacquer ware, and iron tools |
| Mor important than the Silk Roads impact on the economy was? | Conduit of culture |
| What city did branches of the Silk Road join in Western China? | Dunhuang |
| Where was the absence of written language? | Central Asia |
| What ppl controlled alot of northern China after the collapse of the Han dynasty? | Nomadic Jie ppl |
| Who was the leader of the Jie ppl? | Shi Le |
| What did the spreading of Buddhism through the Silk Road do? | Chnaged Buddhism |
| ___ disease devastated Rome and China and collapsed their political life? | Small pox and measles |
| What carried the bubonic plague via seaborne trade with India? | Rats |
| Constantinople the capital city of Byzantine Empire lost how many ppl a day during a 40 day period? | 10,000 |
| Where was the most well-known dissemination of disease? | Mongul Empire |
| What did disease in the Mongol Empire do? | Unified much of Eurasian landmass during the 13th and 14th centuries |
| What facilitated the spread of the Black Death? | Era of intensified interaction |
| What is identified with the Black Death? | Bubonic plague, anthrax, packcage of epidemic disease (from China to Europe) |
| Between 1346 and 1350 how much of the population perished in Europe? | 1/3 |
| Who benefited from the Black Death? | Tenant farmers and urban workers |
| Why did tenant farmers and urban workers benefit from the Black Death? | Demand higher wages or better terms |
| What did disease do to China (Mongols)? | Permanently altered the balance between pastoral and agricultural ppls to the advantage of settled farmers |
| What shaped the lives of millions and altered their historical development? | Disease carried by long distance trade |
| What had been an avenue of maritime commerce throughout the region(which continued during the post classical era)? | Mediterranean Sea |
| What Italian city emerged by 1000 CE and became a major center of commerce with ships and mercahnts active in the Mediterranean, Black Sea, and Atlantic Coast? | Venice |
| Where did most of Venice's goods from Asia come through? | Red Sea through Egyptian port of Alexandria |
| What linked maritime commerce of the Mediterranean Sea to Seaborne trade in the Indian Ocean basin? | The transgretional exchange with Venice |
| What was the worlds largest sea-based system of communication and exchange stretching from South China to East Africa? | Indian Ocean |
| What provided incentives for Indian Ocean commerce? | Porcelain-China, spices-Southeast Asia, cotton goods and pepper-India, ivory, gold-African coast |
| Where was Christianity introduced? | Ethiopia and Kerala |
| What added to the momentum of commercial growth? | Chinese technology innovations(larger ships and compass) |
| What transformed all of its participants in one way or another? | Oceanic commerce |
| What did Malway sailors do? | Opened all sea route between India and China through staits of Malacca in 350 CE |
| What did the Malay kingdom of Srivijaya do? | Dominated critical choke point of Indian Ocean trade |
| Srivijaya access to gold, spices, and taxes on levied on passing ships provided? | Resources to attract supporters to fund an embryonic bureacracy and to create the military and naval forces |
| Srivijaya chiefs were responsible for __? | Prosperity of their ppl |
| What did Srivijaya monarchs and chiefs also do? | Made use of imported Indian political ideas and Buddhist religious concepts |
| The capital city of Palembang was __? | Cosmopolitan place |
| Srivijaya grew into a major center of? | Buddhist observane and teaching |
| Sailendra kingdom of central Java mounted? | A massive building program between 8th and 10th centuries featuring Hindu temples and Buddhist monuments |
| Most famous mountain shaped structure of ten levels and carvings illustrating the spiritual journey from ignorance and illusion to full enlightenment | Borobudur |
| Borobudur was the largest Buddhist monument in the world with distinctive? | Javanese creation |
| What does Borobudur represent? | Process of Buddhism becoming culturally grounded in a new place |
| Swahili | On other side of the Indian Ocean (East African civ) |
| What stimulated growth of the Swahili cities? | The extensive commercial life of the western Indian ocean following the rise of Islam |
| What developed because of the growing demand for East African products? | African merchant class developed villages turned into sizable towns, clan chiefs became kings |
| In what way was Swahili cities alike to Greek city states? | Politically independent |
| No __ or __ unified the world of Swahili civ? | Imperial system or larger territorial states |
| Swahili cities were? | Commercial centers that accumulated goods from the interior and exchanged them for the products of distant civs |
| How did Swahili civ rapidly become Islamic? | Introduced by Arab traders |
| ___ linked Swahili cities to larger Indian Ocean world? | Islam |
| Islam sharply divided the Swahili cities from? | Their African neighbors |
| Great Zimbabwe | Growing trade in gold to the coast and wealth embodied in its larger herds of cattle |
| Llama and potatoes | Domesticated in Andes |
| Commerce | Played an important role in making "American Web" |
| What major North American chiefdom is near present day St. Louis? | Cahokia |
| Cahokia lay where? | At center of a widespread trading network |
| Caribbean ppl used __ which had long conducted an inter island trade? | Oceangoing canoes |
| Most active and dense networks of communication and exchange in the Americas | Mesoamerica and Andes |
| Aztec professional merchants | Pochteca |
| Andean Inca empire during the 15th century | Stable run operation |
| Quipus | Knotted cords used to record numerical data |
| World economy of the modern era increasingly had a single center | Industrialized Western European countries |
Created by:
RockHope
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