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Chapter Eight
Commerce and Culture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What evoked older patterns of global commerce? | The Silk Road network across Eurasia and the trans-Saharan trade routes. |
| What lies deep in the past? | the exchange among distant people and economic globalization. |
| What generated different products desired by others? | Coastlands and highlands, steppes and farmlands, islands and mainlands, valleys and mountians, deserts and forests. |
| What has the uneven distribution of goods and resources motivated? | the exchange; not only within particular civs or regions but among them as well. |
| What did trade do during the time of 500-1500? | it linked and shaped distant societies and peoples |
| How did trade effect the day to day working lives of many people? | it encouraged them to specialize in producing particular products for sale in distant markets rather than for use in their own communities. |
| What did trade diminish? | the economic self sufficency of local societies. |
| How did trade become a means of social mobility in China? | Chinese merchants were able to purchase landed estates and establish themselves within the gentry class. |
| How was political life transformed by trade? | the wealth from controlling and taxing trade led to the creation of new states it also posted problems for the government. |
| Besides goods what did trading caravans also carry? | religious ideas, technological innovations, disease bearing germs, plants, and animals. |
| What did Eurasia give rise to? | one of the worlds most extensive and sustained networks of exchange among its diverse people; the Silk Road |
| What type of people did the Silk Road link? | pastoral and agricultural people as well as the larger civilizations on the continents outer rim. |
| What types of products did the forest and semi aris northern grasslands produce? | hides, furs, livestocks, wool, and amber |
| What did the movement of pastoral people also diffuse? | Indo-European languages, bronze metallurgy, horse-bases technologies and more all across Eurasia. |
| What did the Eurasian connections do to the classical civilizations? | It led to further expansion. For example: From the east, China's Han Dynasty extended its authority westward seeking control over the nomadic Xiongnu. |
| When did the Silk Road trading network prosper the most? | When large and powerful states provided security for merchants and travelers. |
| What gave a renewed vitality to long distance trade? | The Mongul Empire encompassing the entire route of the Silk Road. |
| How were goods carried along the silk road? | in large camel caravans |
| What were most of the goods? | luxury goods destined for an elite and wealthy market. |
| What good symbolized the Eurasian exchange system? | silk |
| What happened when China held a monopoly on silk-producing technology? | The fabric moved generally from east to west. |
| Besides China what other states began producing silk? | Korean, Japanese, Indians, and Persians |
| Besides wearing silk as a fabric what was it also used for? | Central Asia-currency, China & Byzantine Empire-symbol of high status-laws were passed that only elites could wear silk, Chinese Buddhist gave silk as gifts to the monastries. |
| On the Silk Road what did the focus on luxury goods limit? | the direct impact on most people |
| Why did peasants sometimes give up farming to make silk? | Because it was destined for the markets of the Silk Road. |
| Because of the activity of merchants, what religion spreaded widely throughout Central and East Asia? | Buddhism |
| How could Buddhist merchants earn religious merit? | By building monastries and supporting monks. |
| What would the monks do in return? | they provided places of rest and resupply for the merchants. |
| What does cosmopolitan mean? | familiar with and at east with many different countries and cultures. |
| Why did Buddhism spread slowly over the pastoral people? | absence of written language and their nomadic ways. |
| Who was Shi Le? | a ruler of early 4th century nomadic people known as the Jie people who became aquainted with a Buddhist Monk. |
| Who was Fotudeng? | A Buddhist Monk who had traveled widely on the Silk Roads. He was a miracle worker, rainmaker, fortune teller, and a military strageist. |
| What did Fotudeng do? | He led to the many conversions and contructions of the Buddhist religion. |
| How did Buddhism change in the sense of the material world? | It shunned it in the beginning, but rich Buddhist monastries found themselves very involved in it. |
| Which type of Buddhism spread the most along the Silk Road? | The Mahayana form of the Buddhism- featuring the Buddha as a deity. |
| What happened when contact of other human communities occured? | people were exposed to unfamiliar diseases for which they had little immunity or few effective methods of coping. |
| What diseases affected the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty in China? | smallpox and measles which devasted their pop. and led to their politcal collapse. |
| What kind of plague occured between the time of 534 and 750 ce? | The Bubonic Plague which occured around the Med. Sea as the the black rats spreaded the disease via seaborn trade with India. |
| What were the effects of the Bubonic plague in Constantinople? | Constantinople lost 10,000 people each day over 40 days. |
| What was the Black Death? | Anthrax, or a package of epidemic diseases that spreaded from China to Europe. |
| What were the Black Death's consequences? | 1/3 or more of Europe's population was destroyed. |
| Because of the activity of merchants, what religion spreaded widely throughout Central and East Asia? | Buddhism |
| How could Buddhist merchants earn religious merit? | By building monastries and supporting monks. |
| What would the monks do in return? | they provided places of rest and resupply for the merchants. |
| What does cosmopolitan mean? | familiar with and at east with many different countries and cultures. |
| Why did Buddhism spread slowly over the pastoral people? | absence of written language and their nomadic ways. |
| Who was Shi Le? | a ruler of early 4th century nomadic people known as the Jie people who became aquainted with a Buddhist Monk. |
| Who was Fotudeng? | A Buddhist Monk who had traveled widely on the Silk Roads. He was a miracle worker, rainmaker, fortune teller, and a military strageist. |
| What did Fotudeng do? | He led to the many conversions and contructions of the Buddhist religion. |
| How did Buddhism change in the sense of the material world? | It shunned it in the beginning, but rich Buddhist monastries found themselves very involved in it. |
| Which type of Buddhism spread the most along the Silk Road? | The Mahayana form of the Buddhism- featuring the Buddha as a deity. |
| What happened when contact of other human communities occured? | people were exposed to unfamiliar diseases for which they had little immunity or few effective methods of coping. |
| What diseases affected the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty in China? | smallpox and measles which devasted their pop. and led to their politcal collapse. |
| What kind of plague occured between the time of 534 and 750 ce? | The Bubonic Plague which occured around the Med. Sea as the the black rats spreaded the disease via seaborn trade with India. |
| What were the effects of the Bubonic plague in Constantinople? | Constantinople lost 10,000 people each day over 40 days. |
| What was the Black Death? | Anthrax, or a package of epidemic diseases that spreaded from China to Europe. |
| What were the Black Death's consequences? | 1/3 or more of Europe's population was destroyed. |
| Who benefited from the Black Death? | tenant farmers and urban workers |
| What kind of effect did the Black Death have on the Mongols? | permanetly altered the balance between the pastoral and agricultural peoples. |
| How did the Europeans have advantages bc of the Black Death? | exposure provided them with immunity to Eurasian diseases. |
| What connected all the distant peoples across the Eastern Hemisphere? | Sea based trade routes. |
| What classical civs used sea based commerce? | The Persians, Greeks, Romans, and the Med. Sea |
| What area represented the worlds largest sea based system of commincation and exchange? | The Indian Ocean |
| How far was the trade route? | from southern China to eastern Africa. |
| What provided incentives for Indian Ocean commerce? | the desire for various goods not available at home |
| Why were transportation costs cheaper on the Sea Roads than on the Silk Road? | bc ships could accommodate larger and heavier cargoes then camels. |
| What made Indian Ocean commerce possible? | monsoons |
| What spread the commerical network? | the urban centers that were strung out around the entire Indian Ocean basin. |
| When did the tempo of Indian Ocean commoerce begin to pick up? | In the era of classical civilizations during the early centuries of the Common Era, as mariners learned to ride the monsoons. |
| Where does the fulcrum (center) of this growing commerical network lay? | In India |
| How far did the people in the Indian Ocean commerce communicate to? | as far as Alexandria in Egypt. |
| What was 2 transformations of the landscape of the Afro-Eurasian world and the web of Indian Ocean exchange? | The economic and political revival of China and sudden rise of Islam in the 7th century. |
| Why did Islam spread easily? | bc it was friendly to commercial life; the Prophet Muhammad was a trader himself. |
| What did the expansion of Islam also give rise to? | an international maritime culture by 1000 shared by individuals living in seperated cities. |
| Why did Southeast Asia play an important role in the evolving world of Indian Ocean commerce? | because of the geography, it was located between the major civs of China and India. |
| How did the kingdom of Srivijaya emerge? | from the competition of attracting growing number of traders and travelers making their way through the Straight of Malacca. |
| How did Srivijaya dominate the Indian Ocean commerce? | its plentiful supply of gold, access to spices, and the taxes on passing ships. |
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