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Chapter18 Definition
Key Terms And People
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Absolute Monarch | A ruler that has unlimited power and authority over his or her people |
| Divine Right | The belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God |
| Charles V | King of Spain. Holy Roman Emperor from 1519 to 1588. His opposition to the Protestant Reformation embroiled Spain in a series of wars throughout his reign |
| Peace of Augsburg | An agreement between states in the Holy Roman Empire that gave each German prince the right to decide whether his state would be Catholic or Protestant |
| Phillip II | King of Spain and Naples from 1554-1598, and Portugal from 1580-1598. He led Roman Catholic efforts to recover parts of Europe from Protestantism. He was defeated by England and the Netherlands |
| El Greco | Greek painter in Spain; chiefly religous in nature, his work express the spirt of the Counter or Cathloic, Reformation |
| Diego Velazquez | Spainish painter; he painted in a relastics style but also worked in impressionism towards the end of his career |
| Miguel de Cervantes | Spainish novelist,dramist, and poet he wrote " Don Quixote de la Mancha |
| Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz | Mexican nun and poet; she wrote poetry,prose, and plays |
| Spanish Armada | A great fleet(130 ships and 20,000 men) assembled by Spain in 1588 for an invasion of England |
| Huguenot | A French Protestant |
| Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre | August 24,1572; a massacre of 6,000 to 8,000 Huguenots in Paris authorized by King Charles IX and his mother Catherine de Medici |
| Henry IV | King of France from 1589 to 1610. He issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598, which permitted Protestant worship, in order to restore peace to France |
| Edict of Nantes | A declearation of French king Henry IV in which he promised that Protestants could live peacefully in France and were free to established houses of worship in selected French cities |
| Louis XIII | King of France from 1610 to 1643. He was a relatively weak ruler; he let Cardinal Richelieu, his chief minister; hold great sway during his reign |
| Cardinal Richelieu | French ministter and chief minister of King Louis XIII. He wanted to strengthen the monarchy and fouguht against Huguenot resistance to the Catholic monarchy |
| Louis XIV | King of France from 1643 to 1715. Known as the Sun King, he built the palace at Versailles as a means to consolidate absolute power; a series of wars at the end of his long reign drained France's wealth |
| War of the Spanish Succession | War fought over the Spainsh throne. Louis XIV wanted it for his son and fought a war against the Dutch,English, and Holy Roman Empire to gain the throne for France |
| Treaty of Utrecht | Treaty that ended the War of the Spanish Succession. It gave the throne to Louis XIV's grandson but also stated that France and Spain would never be ruled by the same monarchy |
| Puritans | English Protestants of the late 1500's and most of the 1600's who wanted to "purify" the Church of England through reforms |
| Charles I | King of England,Scotland,and Ireland from 1625 to 1685. His conflict with Parliament started the English Civil War. He was beheaded in 1649 |
| Royalists | Supporters of goverment by a monarch; used as a name for supporters of England's King Charles I |
| Oliver Cromwell | Lord Protecter of England in 1642 he led Parliament's forces in deposing King Charles I. He became ruler of England in 1653 |
| Commonwealth | A republician goverment based on common good of all the people |
| Restoration | The period of Charles II in England when the monarchy was restored after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's goverment;there was also a rebirth of English culture during this time |
| Charles II | King of England,Scotland,and Ireland from 1660 to 1685. The eldest son of King Charles I. He was asked by Parliament to rule England after the death of Oliver Cromwell |
| William and Mary | King William III and Queen Mary II, rulers of Great Britian who replaced King James II as a result of the Glorius Revolution |
| Glourious Revolution | A nonviolent revolution in which leaders of Britian's Parilament invited Mary, daughter of King James II, and her husband, the Dutch ruler William of Orange, to replace King James II |
| Constitutional Monarchy | A monarchy limited by certain laws |
| Boyars | Wealthy Russian landowners |
| Czar | "Caesar",title taken by the ruler of Russia |
| Ivan IV | Grand duke of Russia and the first Russian ruler to assume to title of czar; also known as Ivan the Terrible. He instituted a campaign of terror against disfavored boyars. He killed his son, leaving no heir to the throne |
| Peter the Great | Czar of Russia from 1682 to 1725. He transformed Russia into a modern state. He was an absolute monarch who brought the ways of Western Europe to Russia and made various reforms |
| Westernization | The adoption of the culture and ideas of Western society namely Europe and America |
| Catherine the Great | Czarina of Russia from 1762 to 1796 ruling with absolute power, she introduced a number of reforms that intend Peter the Great policy of westernizantion. |
| Thirty Years' War | A conflict in Europe that began in Pragu as a protestic rebellion against The Holy Roman Empire fought over religon and power among ruling dynasties. |
| Treaty of Westphalia | 1648 treaty ending the Thirty Years War;it reduced the power of the Holy Roman Emperor; it extended religious toleration to Protestants and Catholics within most of the empire.. |
| Maria Theresa | Charles VI's was her father so the empire was passed to her. |
| Frederick the Great | Prussia's ruler who seized the Austrian provices of Silesia. |
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zizi hammond
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