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LAMC I Midterm 1
Terms/Date for Latin American Civilization I course at Columbia University
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Conquest Phase Dates | 1520s - 1560/70s |
| Caribbean Phase Dates | 1492-1535 |
| Atlantic Phase Dates | 1415 (Portugal) 1450s (Spain) - 1492 |
| Council of the Indies (Dates+Function) | Established August 1, 1524. Functioned as an Appellate Court for important cases in the Americas. Approved everything from political appointments to religious appointments (via recommendations from the Vatican) |
| Audiencia of Mexico City Established Date | 1528 |
| Audiencia of Guatemala Established Date | 1542 |
| Audiencia of New Galicia Established Date | 1548 |
| Audiencias: What did they do? | They served as a check and balance system for the actions of the Viceroy. They also oversaw the royal treasury. They also served as a judicial body. |
| Cabildo: What did they do? | The lowest administrative unit of the Spanish government. Similar to a town hall. The members were local noble families and eventually any land owning men could serve on one. There were general members and then 1 or 2 presiding Alcaldes. |
| What is an Alcalde? | An Alcalde is the magistrate of a Cabildo, participating in sessions as well as presiding over cases at the local level. |
| Treaty of Tordesillas (Dates+Function) | 1494. Separated the new lands beyond Europe between Portugal and Spain along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands off of Africa. This is the line of long = 42.715ºW. Spain to the West, Portugal to the East. Cut into SA creating Brazil |
| First Landing in Brazil by the Portuguese | 1500 by Pedro Alvarez Cabral |
| Arawaks | Indigenous people of the West Indies. The first natives encountered by Columbus. |
| Naborias | Commoners of Arawak/Taíno society |
| Hispaniola | Where Columbus landed in 1492 |
| Columbus Lands in America | 1492 |
| Casa de Contratación (Dates + Function) | 1503, Regulated Trade "House of Trade" |
| Arrival of the Regular Clergy | 1510~1511 ish |
| First Franciscans in Mexico | 1524 |
| First Dominicans in Mexico | 1526 |
| First Augustinians in Mexico | 1533 |
| What was the Flota de Indias? | The fleet system. Regulated times for arrival/departure of boats. Arrived in various American ports, gathered in Cuba and traveled to Spain as a whole. |
| What is the regular clergy and what did they do? | No administrative parts of the church, independent orders. They were the first to be active (friars, came w/ conquistadors). They converted people!!! |
| What is the secular clergy and what did they do? | Administrative part of the church (Vatican structure). |
| Residencia and Visitas | Visita: Inspection tour of an administrative unit. Residencia: A formal hearing at the end of the term of office. An exit interview. |
| define altepetl | local ethnically based political community |
| who were atahualpa and huascar? | Huayna CApac's sons who fought over the possession of the incan throne after HC died. |
| define ayllu | basic political and social units in the incan empire, usually an extended family with a possibility of adopting outsiders in the case of security of the possession of land |
| who are the yanaconas? | servants in the andes |
| who are hidalgos? | member of spanish or Portuguese nobility |
| what is "limpieza de sangre"? | in spain it meant meant people who were pure christians, with no mix of muslim or jewish blood and in the colonies it meant people who didn't have any african or indian blood, "cleanliness of blood" |
| what is a capitulacion? | contract with king for a reconquista or encomienda |
| what is captaincy? | administrative division of land in the colonies or contract portugese noblemen would sign it with the king, he would become captain of new captured area (captaincy), he’d get better titles as long as he could conquer, organize, and administrate |
| what is present day hispaniola? | dom republic and haiti |
| where and when was vasco de gama's greatest exploration and for which country was he representing? | 1497, under africa to india, portugal |
| cabildo? | administrative council that governed a municipality in colonial spain |
| what is a congregation? | purpose of assimilating indigenous communities into european culture and/or moving them to a more convenient place? (check your notes, lecture sept 18) |
| who was malintzin? | cortes' translator given to him by indigenous people, she spoke mayan |
| who is cuautemoc? | person in command after montezuma and his second in command were killed |
| what is the requirement? | declaaration by the spanish monarchy, a spanish captain would read to the natives to justify his takeover of the indigenous people and land |
| what were the laws of burgos? | established in 1512 by king ferdinand in castitlle, the first laws regulating the treatment of indigenous people. forbade maltreat and encouraged conversion |
| francisco de vitoria? what's his deal? | during the conquest he was a famous jurist in europe who believed that the natives are entitled to their own land (when they have civilization like the dominican) or we convert them and right the violations of the natural law (cannibalism) |
| new laws? who and what and when? | charles the 5 issued them in 1542 in spain, prevented exploitation of natives, no more encomiendas, can't inherit an encomienda, |
| who is de las casas? | 1510 priest in carribean was changed into being protector of the indians |
| who is sepulveda? | opposing views then de las casas, we conquer and stay |
| what is a casa poblanda? | house in the countryside kept by encomendaro's to accommodate extended family with servants and slaves |
| who is a major domo? | first under command of encomendaro, always spanish, helps administers and helps encomendaro with his business, of humble origins but is literate |
| who is a estanciero? | under major domo, deals directly with indigenous labor force |
| who is a tratante? | the estanciero for merchants, small scale merchants who redistribute goods for local supplies, sells to both indigenous and spanish, they speak indigenous languages |
| what is the consulado de mercaderes? | merchant guild of Seville founded in 1543, monopoly rights over goods shipped to american and silver |
| recopilacion de las leyes? | issued in 1680 by charles the 2,the already existent laws were written down |
| mestizo? | spanish and indigenous |
| lobo and zambo? | black and indian |
| mulatto? | spanish and black |
| casta paintings? | paintings made for spanish in spain to understand social structure |
| What was the Mit'a System? | A system of tribute in the Inca Empire. |
| Portuguese Independence - Date | 1385 |
Created by:
mar2194
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