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FBSF ch17
The Urinary System Chapter 17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The functions of the kidneys include | Removal of nitrogenous(N) wastes from the blood *Maintaining blood volume & electrolyte(salt) balance *Maintaining pH balance of the blood acidity vs. alkalinity(base) *Production of renin *Production of eyrthropoietin *Conversion of vitamin D |
| Nitrogenous(N) wastes include | *Urea *Uric Acid *Creatinine *Ammonia(NH3) |
| The electrolytes("lytes") include | *Sodium(Na+) *Potassium(K+) *Chloride(Cl-) *Calcium(Ca+) *Phosphate(PO4-) *Magnesium(Mg+) *Sulfate(SO4-) |
| Remember where salt goes | water follows |
| Healthy adults need no more than | 2300 mg of Na+(sodium) daily(NEJM2010) |
| Maintaining pH balance of the blood acidity vs. alkalinity(base) by the interaction of | carbonic acid(H2CO3) & bicarbonate(HCO3)(alkalinity) |
| Production of renin which will | regulate Blood Pressure(BP) |
| Production of erythropoietin which aids in | erythrocyte(RBCs) formation |
| Conversion of vitamin D into its active form is called | calciferol (need vitamin D for absorption of calcium(Ca)) |
| The paired kidneys are located in the | retroperitoneal(flank) region |
| The right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the large area occupied by the | liver |
| A kidney is the size of a | fist |
| The outer covering of each kidney is called the | renal capsule |
| The outermost layer of each kidney is called the | renal cortex |
| The middle layer of each kidney is called the | renal medulla |
| A thin layer of fibrous connective tissue that anchors each kidney to surrounding structures and the abdominal wall is called | renal fascia(so they stay in place) |
| The tubes(vessels, ducts) that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder are called | ureters |
| Each ureter connects to a kidney at the | renal pelvis |
| Each renal pelvis is made up of funnel shaped structures called | calices(calyx/singular) (finger like stubs) |
| Kidney cells are called | nephrons(microscopic) |
| Each kidney has approximately | 1,000,000 (one million) nephrons |
| The vessels carrying oxygenated blood to be filtered by the kidneys are called the | right & left renal arteries |
| Every minute approximately______mL of blood passes through the kidneys | 1200 |
| The fluid that the kidneys ultimately eliminate from the body is called | urine |
| Normal urine is | 1. clear or yellow 2. clean (free of pathogens) |
| A routine test performed on urine is called a | UrinAlysis(UA) |
| Normal urine production is approximately | 56mL/hour (approximately 60 mL--(1oz = 30mL |
| Urine is transported from each renal pelvis to the urinary bladder primarily by | peristalsis |
| the urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ located | posterior to the public symphysis |
| The average capacity of the urinary bladder is | 700-800mL(about 1/2 of a 2 liter bottle) |
| Stretch receptors in the bladder wall will transmit nerve impulses to the lower portion of the spinal cord when the urine level reaches | 200-400mL |
| These impulses initiate the conscious desire to | urinate(micturition) or void (micturate) |
| The sphincters that control the flow of urine are called the | internal(involuntary/no control) & external (voluntary/control) urinary(urethral) sphincters |
| The inability to control the urinary (urethral) sphincters is called | enuresis or urinary incontinence |
| The urethra is the | tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside world |
| The opening of the urethra to the outside world is called the urinary | meatus(orifice / os) |
| In females the urethra is approximately | 1.5 inches long |
| The female urinary meatus is located between the | clitoris & vaginal orifice |
| In males the urethra is approximately | 8 inches long |
| A male urinary meatus is located at the distal(end) portion of the | glans penis(enlarged tip, foreskin/prepuce) |
| In males the urethra carries | 1.Urine 2.Spermatozoa 3.Semen |
| The reproductive & urinary systems are referred to as the | GenitoUrinary(GU) system |
| Blood tests commonly used to detect Nitrogenous(N) waste include | 1.BUN(Blood Urea Nitrogen) 2.Creatinine Clearance(Cc) 3.Cystatin C (Cys C) ****are all blood tests to tell if kidneys are working***** |
| IVP stands for | IntraVenous Pyelogram (pyelo=renal pelvis) |
| An IntraVenous Pyelogram(renal pelvis) is an | X-ray of the renal pelves after injection of an IntraVenous(IV) radiopaque dye |
| hematuria | a condition of blood in the urine(trauma) |
| pyuria | a condition of pus in the urine(infection) |
| bacteriuria | bacteria in the urine |
| glycosuria | a condition of sugar(glucose) in the urine(DM - diabetes mellitus) |
| ketonuria | a condition of ketones(acetone) in the urine (fat metabolism) |
| albuminuria | albumin(blood protein) in the urine |
| HemoDialysis(HD) | artifical removal of toxins from the blood |
| CAPD | Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis |
| The vessels carrying deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys are called the | right and left renal veins |
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