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UPPER LIMB1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which segment does upper limb associate with | C4 - T2 main contributor is c5 - T1 |
| which segment does lower limb associate with | L1-S3, Main contributor is L2 - S2 |
| In what direct does limb develop to and what influence the limb development? | Proximodistal orientation and Apical ectodermal ridge (AER) control the limb development |
| what is the name of space where proliferating cell is found during limb development | progress zone |
| how is 5 digit developed? | apotosis (cell death) at the distal falttened area. |
| Which area does 5 digit developed from? | distal flattened area |
| What is problem if there is a lack of cell death during limb development | result in Manus (hand) and pes (foot) deformities. |
| what control the development of dorsal and ventral trait of limb | Gene |
| the process of formation of long bone from chondrocytes | Endochondral ossification |
| What is the precusor of Long bone in limb? | Hyaline cartilage Hyaline cartilage ==> chondrocytes (through process of endochondral ossification ) ==> long bone |
| cell further from the AER will develop into | Cartilage and muscle |
| where do we find the primary ossfication center | the shaft of bone (Diaphysis) |
| Function of epiphyseal plate | it remains to allow for growth |
| where does secondary ossificaiton center develop | the peiphysis at the end. It starts off as cartilage, then change to long bone. |
| how does the primary center ossification originate? | initate by a small cavity in the center of hyaline cartilage |
| periosteum | the outer covering where blood upply to bone prescursor is originated from and osteoblast form from perosterum. |
| what type of bone does intramembranous ossification usually assoicated with | flat bone : scapula cranial bone |
| what type of bones does endochondral ossification usually assocaite with | long bone: humerus, raidus |
| what are the 3+1 segment for upper limb | "arm+ forearm + hand" + proximal girdle at attach the limb to the rest of body |
| What are the 3+1 segment for lower limb | "thigh, leg , foot" + pelvic |
| what is dorsal segment develop into | Posterior compartment which are usually extensor (lateral rotator, ABductor, supinator) |
| What is ventral segment develop into | anterior compartment: flexor, medial rotator, adductor, pronator |
| each compartment is a function unit how? | they have similar function and has specific innervation and blood supply |
| how does limb rotate during development | The upper limb rotate 90 degree laterally and lower limb rotate 90 degree medially |
Created by:
powerbaby
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