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Chapter:5
Eurasian Cultural Traditions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In the view of Mao Zedong, what was Confucianism? | class inequality, patriarchy, feudalism, superstition, and all things old. |
| Who began to invoke Confucianism and push more towards social harmony? | high ranking politcal leaders |
| How did Buddhism and Christianity change in China over the years? | Buddhism- temples that were destroyed are repaired and reopened Christianity is 7% of China's huge population |
| Whose teachings gave rise to Confucianism and Daoism? | Kong Fuzi (Confucius) and Laozi |
| What are the Upanishads? | A series of Indian religous writings. |
| Who is Siddhartha Gautama? | the religous reformer of Buddhism or the Buddha |
| What is Zoroastrianism? | A monotheistic religous tradition that came from a Persian prophet Zarathustra. |
| What did Chinese and Greek thinkers have in common? | They focused more on the affairs of the world and credited human rationality with the power to understand that reality. |
| What do Jewish, Persian and Indian intellectuals have in common? | they explored the realm of the divine and its relationship to human life and they were much more religous. |
| What is the "age of warring states"? | a period of chaos, growing violence, and disharmony in China. |
| Why did China think that Legalism was an answer to the warring states problem? | becuase it had clearly and strictly layed out laws that were enforced through rewards and punishments. |
| Who were regarded as useless in the Legalists views? | artisans, merchants, aristocrats, and scholars |
| What was the Confucian answer to China's problems? | moral example of superiors (husbands before the wife, older brother before the younger brother and the ruler over the subject) |
| What was the essential ingredient (to Confucius) of a tranquil society? | the cultivation of ren- human heartedness, benevolence, goodness and nobility of heart |
| What did Confucius emphasize the most on? | Education because it was the key to moral betterment. |
| What is Filial Piety? | the honoring of one's ancestors and parents. |
| What was a model of political life in Confucian thinking? | the family |
| Who is Ban Zhao? | A Confucius woman writer that implied the characteristics of a Confucius woman. |
| What expectations did Confucianism establish for the gov? | The Emperor had to keep taxes low, administer justice, and provide for the material needs of the people. |
| What happened to the Emperor if they did not meet the expectations? | They were forfeited from the Mandate of Heaven and were replaced. |
| What was the Daoist answer? | to withdrawal from the world of nature and encouraged behavior that was spontaneous, individualistic, and natural. |
| What was the general concept of Daoist thinking? | Dao which is an exclusive notion that refers to the way of nature, the underlying and unchanging principle that governs all natural phenomena. |
| How was Daoism different than Confucianism? | Daoism focused more on self improvement and Confucianism focused the most on having a good education. |
| What did Daoism and Confucianism have in common? | The Chinese concept of yin and yang, which is a belief in the unity of opposites. |
| What did India's elite culture embrace? | the divine and all things spirtual with enthusiasm and generated elaborate philosphical visions about the nature of ultimate reality. |
| How is Hinduism different than the other world religions? | It had no historical founder, it was not a missionary religion, and it was never a single tradition at all, it was derived from the outsiders. |
| What is the Vedas? | the earliest collection of poems, hymns, prayers, and rituals that was compiled and transmitted orally by the Brahmins (priests) |
| What is the Upanishads? | the second sacred body of religious texts composed by anonymus thinkers that described the meaning of the sacrifices of the Vedas. |
| What is the Brahman? | the World Soul; the final and ultimate reality. |
| What is the atman? | individual human soul; a part of the Brahman |
| What is samsara? | rebirth/ reincarnation |
| What is Karma? | Human souls migrated from body to body over many lifetimes, depending on one's actions. |
| What happened to you if your previous life was pure? | you were reborn into a higher caste than your previous life |
| What other religion took shape around the same time Hinduism did? | Buddhism |
| Who was the founder of Buddhism? | Siddhartha Gautama a prince that was shocked to see old age, sickness and death, known as the Enlightened One. |
| According to the Buddha, what was the central and universal feature of human life? | experiencing life as imperfect, impermanent, and unsatisfactory. |
| What is Nirvana? | a virtually indescribable state in which individual identity would be extinguished with greed, hatred, and delusion. |
| How were Buddhism and Hinduism the same? | life is an illusion, the concept of karma/rebirth, overcoming ego, meditation,final release of rebirth cycle |
| What was Buddhism described as? | A simplified and more accessible version of Hinduism. |
| What was Buddhism based on? | intense self effort and personal experience. |
| What is Theravada Buddhism? | Teaching of the Elders; another version of Buddhism; more psychological than religious; a set of practices rather than beliefs. |
| What is Mahayana Buddhism? | A modified form of Buddhism (Great Vehicle) that took its roots in India proclaiming that help was available for the strenous voyage. |
| What are bodhisattvas? | spirtually developed people who postponed their own entry into nirvana in order to assist those who were still suffering. |
| Why did Buddhism decline in India? | Because of the mounting wealth of monastries and the economic interests of their leading figures seperated them from ordinary people and the growth of a new religion Hinduism |
| How did Hinduism become so well liked? | It was more accessible than the sacrifices of the Brahmins and the Bhagavas Gita (Hindu religious text) was well liked by people. |
| Who was Vishnu? | the most popular deity, the protector and preserver of creation and associated with mercy and goodness. |
| Who was Zarathustra? | the Persian prophet that recast the traditional polytheism into having only 1 god, Ahura Mazda. |
| Who was Ahura Mazda? | to Zarathustra the god who ruled the world and was the source of all truth, light, and goodness. |
| Who was Angra Mainyu? | an evil supernatural figure, if you sided with him then you were condemned to everlasting punishment. |
| Why didnt Zoroastrian faith spread as much as the other religions? | because it was not a missionary religion. |
| What caused Zoroastrian beliefs to decline? | the arrival of Islam and an Arab empire caused Zoroastrianism to decline. |
| How did Judaism become another monotheistic religion? | It was created by the Hebrews that migrated from Mesoptamia to Palestine under the leadership of Abraham which is why there are 2 kingdoms Israel and Judah. |
| Who was Yahweh? | a powerful and jealous deity/Jewish God who demanded their loyalty. |
| What happened to the Jews if they were obedient to Yahweh? | Yahweh would consider the Jews his chosen people, favor them in battle, and he gave them prosperity and blessings. |
| How did Yahweh transform from being a god of war to better god? | he changed into a god of social justice and compassion for the poor. |
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