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Chp. 4 AP World
Eurasian Empire
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Helots? | conquered people in Sparta who lived in slave-like conditions |
| Solon? | A reforming leader who emerged to push Athenian politics in a more democratic direction. He abolished debt slavery; access to public office was opened to a wider group of men, and all citizens were allowed to take part in the Assembly. |
| Hellenistic Era? | the period where Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors |
| Punic Wars? | three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa; rome won and took control of the Western Mediterranean |
| Patricians? | wealthy, privelaged Romans who dominated early Roman society |
| Plabians? | poorer, less-privelaged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics |
| Caesar Agustus? | great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war |
| Pax Romana? | "Roman Peace", period of stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries |
| Wendi? | Sui dynasty emperor who reunified China after 350 years of turmoil from the collapse of the Han Dynasty |
| Wudi? | Han emperor who began the Chinese civil service system establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats |
| Yellow Turban Rebellion? | a major peasant revolt in China that helped to lead to the fall of the Han Dynasty |
| Eunuchs? | in China, castrated court officials loyal to the emperor |
| Xiongnu? | nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state |
| Aryans? | indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus River Valley civilization; their role causing this collapse is still debated by historians |
| What were the changes in Second Wave civilizations? | population grew more rapidly, states dwarfed civilizations, fall of empires dissolved civilizations, new philosophical and religious systems came about to shape morality and answer unanswerable questions, new technology |
| Who had the most technological innovation? | China: wheelbarrows, better plow harness, gunpowder, iron, paper |
| What did India's new technology include? | crystallized sugar, cotton textiles |
| What did Rome's new technology include? | roads, aqueducts, bridges |
| What were the continuities in Second Wave civilizations? | mostly ruled by monarchs, men dominated women, sharp divide between elite and other classes, slavery |
| What is an empire? | state that exercises coercive power, usually large and more aggressive |
| Coercive? | using threats |
| What does an empire do? | rules a diversity of people and usually oppressing their culture, can ultimately stimulate cultural diffusion due to diverse people being brought together |
| How did the Persians differ from the Greeks in thier political organization and values? | took system from Babylon and Assyria, much larger, based on cult of kingship (king worshipped), divine right from Ahura Madza, satraps in each state, system of imperial spies, respected culture of conquered peoples |
| How did the Greeks differ from the Persians in thier political organization and values? | not centralized, hundreds of independent city states, no real empire but influenced eastern Mediterranean under Alexander, participation in gov't focused on citizenship, started with wealthy but grew to include lower class |
| Continued... | Solon moved toward a more deomocratic direction, democracy was direct, women, slaves and foreigners were excluded |
| How was Athenian democracy different from modern deomcaracy? | direct deomocracy, no representatives, women, slaves, and foreigners could not perticipate |
| Direct democracy? | everyone voted on everything |
| How much of the population did women, slaves, and foreigners take up? | more than half |
| what did the Greek vicotry against the Persians do for the Athenian democracy? | gave poorer men full citizen ship thanks to the rowers who helped win the war |
| What were the rowers more viewed as? | equals in society |
| After the Greco-Persian Wars, what were the causes of the Peloponnesian War? | after the war, Athens looked to prove it was the leader of the city-states; Sparta fought back, seeking total independence from Athens |
| After the Greco-Persian Wars, what were the effects of the Peloponnesian War? | both sides were depleted and opened them up to the eventual takeover of Macedonia led by Alexander |
| Peloponnesian War? | civil war |
| Who won the Peloponnesian War? | Sparta |
| What changes were caused by Alexander's conquests? | spread of Greek culture, created great Greek cities throughout the Mediterranean and Middle-East, began Hellenistic Era |
| Where was Greek culture spread in response to Alexander's conquests? | Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, and India |
| Whay became of Alexander's empire when he died? | split into 3 kingdoms, one for each of his generals |
| How did Rome grow from a single city to the center of a huge empire? | taken over by Rome wasn't always bad, won Punic Wars, poor soldiers hoped for land, loot, or salaries, aristocracy gained power and promotion for taking more land, central location in Mediterranean, great army, main policy was to grow |
| What were the benefits of being conquered by Rome? | ruke of law (no one above law), basic rights of all citizens, system theat protected the lower classes |
| What did Rome gain by winning the Punic Wars? | control of all of the western Mediterranean |
| What did the central location in the Mediterranean do? | made it easier to build an empire |
| How was the army treated? | well trained, well fed, well rewarded |
| As the empire grew it needed more resources, how did it get these resources? | conquer more land |
| How did the making of the Chinese empire differ from that of the Roman Empire? | Roman Epire: new, Chinese Empire: old (reviving old imperial traditions), made building Chinese Empire easier; still based on strong military and brutal force |
| Why did the making of the Chinese empire differ from that of the Roman Empire? | previous empires in China allowed growth as a new empire to happen easier than in Rome |
| What kind of government did the Chinese Empires have? | an elaborate bureaucracy |
| What kind of writing characters were hard to translate? | word based |
| Their simplicity meant what? | any dialect coud understand them, assimilated the litrate elite |
| Compare the Chinese Empires to the Roman Empires? | elaborate bureaucracy, word based writing characters, Buddhism adopted without support by state, Buddhism intermittently adopted by state, became one of many religious traditions in China |
| Compare the Roman Empires to the Chinese Empires? | government not as organized, alphabet-based Latin, developed elaborate law system, Christianity spread under Pax Romana, Rome started as city so Romans and Italians minoritites, gradually conquere and poorer people granted citizenshiP |
| Because Rome was not as government based, what did Rome rely on? | local leaders and the army |
| What did the alphabet-based Latin lead to? | numerous new languages such as Spanish, Potuguese, and Frech |
| What did the elaborate law system give to all men? | equality |
| What did Christianity spread through under Pax Romana? | the poor, eventually adopted by the empire |
| What qualities did the Roman and Chinese empires share? | were center of the universe; invested in roads, bridges, walls, aqueducts; rule sanctioned by gods; abdorbed foreign religions, had centralized control over vast areas |
| How was the collpase of the Roman Empire different from the collapse of the Han Empire? | empire too large to rule, oustiders invading regularly, only west collapsed, new ethnicities, no lasting authority ever regained power |
| What did the east side of the Roman Empire become? | Byzantine Empire, lasted more than 1,000 years |
| New ethnicities formed in the Roman Empire that were seperate from what? | Roman culture; Franks, Anglo-Saxons, Visigoths; kept Christianity for the most part |
| In the west of the Roman Empire, who maintained power? | small city-states and countries |
| How was the collpase of the Han Empire different from the collapse of the Roman Empire? | corruption and peasant unrest, outsiders invading regularly, attacks on Great Wall, Barbarians set up own states in North China, after 350 years unrest new state was created similar to the Han |
| Continued... | Sui, Tan, and Song dynasties had a single emperor and used Confucianism ideas for the government system |
| Who was attacking the Great Wall in China? | Xiongnu |
| What eventually happened to Western Europe after the collapse of the Roman Empire? | decentralized system with kings, nobles, and vassals; some city-states in Italy under the Catholic Church (bishops or the Pope); never again will Europe have a large imperial system |
| Why were Europeans unable to reconstruct something of the unity of their classical empire while China did? | Europe culturally and linguistically mare diverse, Roman Empire didn't have strong bureaucratic traditions like China, Roman Catholic Church often at odds with individual states, Chinese agriculture stranger than Europe's |
| Why were centralized empires so much less prominent in India than in China? | India more diverse, often invaded by outsiders due to centralized and unprotected location, caste system didn't account for larger imperial state |
| why didn't the caste system account for a larger imperial state? | it was local based |
| In the Mauryan Empire, what did Ashoka start out as? | a ruthless empire builder |
| What did Ashoka convert to and after what? | Buddhism after a bloody battle |
| What was one of the main things Ashoka taught? | non-violence and tolerance of other religions |
| Regarding animals, what did Ashoka stop stop doing? | hunting and sacrificing them |
| What were some things that Ashoka did that made the economy grow? | dug wells for people, planted shade trees, and built rest-stops on highways |
| Other examples of Ashoka's reign? | still punished crimes (death penalty), treated diverse empire equally with consistent morals and politics, rainbows |
| What was the capital of Western Rome? | Rome |
| When did it fall? | 200CE |
| What did it become? | Holy Roman Empire |
| What was the capital of Eastern Europe? | Constantinople |
| When did it fall? | 1400CE |
| What did it become? | Byzantine Empire, more like a real government and empire |
| Where did sugar start? | New Guinea |
| Who crystallized sugar? | Indians |
| Who did the Arabs trade sugar with? | Mediterranean |
| Where did the Europeans learn about sugar from? | Crusades |
| What did sugar lead to? | Atlantic slave trade |
| What were some long distance trade routes from the 2nd and 3rd wave civilizations? | Indian Ocean, across Sahara, eastern woodlands of North America |
| In 2nd and 3rd wave civilizations there wasn't any big technological developments, why wasn't there a need to innovate? | they had the peasants working for them |
| What were the Classical Eurasian Empires? | Persia, Greece, Rome, Qin/Han (China), Mauryan/Gupta (India) |
| What were some problems these empires ran into? | imposing culture an varied subjects, ruling conquered people directly or through allies, how to extract wealth while maintaining order? |
| What kept the Persian Empire from falling? | violent punishments by king, effective administrative system, respect for non-Persian cultural traditions, standardized coinage and predictable taxes, encouragement of communication and commerce |
| Early Greece had tyrants (dictators) who were supported by whom? | the poor against the rich |
| What was Sparta ran by? | oligarchy, Council of Elders |
| Oligarchy? | ruled by few |
| What was the turning point of the Greco-Persian Wars? | Battle of Marathon |
| When Alexander took over Egypt, what title was he given? | Pharaoh |
| What did he create in the city of Alexandria? | Library with over seven hundred thousand documents, Museum |
| Museum? | paid for scholars to study |
| Chinese Dynasties in order? | Shang, Zhou, Age of Warring States, Qin, Han |
| What did the Qin reunite China under? | Shihuangdi and legalism |
| Examples of the Qin's strictness? | burned books, killed scholars, over 100K people died in the Great War, standardized everything |
| Why do empires collapse? | too big to rule, taxes, invaders, no technological breakthroughs |
| Taxes? | the rich evaded taxes creating a heavier burden on peasants and caused peasant uprisings |
| What are the effects of the collapse of an empire? | decline of urban life, population decline, reduction of international trade, vast insecurity |
| Where did empires start in India? | northern India |
| Where did the rule of the Mauryan Empire reach to? | all of India except the southern tip |
| In the Mauryan Empire who conrtolled industry? | the government |
| What empire followed the Mauryan Empire? | Gupta Empire |
| What happened to the Mauryan Empire after Ashoka died? | it collapsed |
| What did trade lead to in Mauryan India? | spread of Hinduism, Buddhism, astronomy, and mathematics |
| How did Hinduism, Buddhism, astronomy, and mathematics spread in Mauryan Empire? | spread by merchants on public roads built by Ashoka |
| Ashoka? | most famous ruler of Mauryan Empire, converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance |
| Athenian Democracy? | radical form of direct democracy in which much of the free male population in Athens had the franchise and officeholders were chosen by lot |
| Cyrus (the Great)? | founder of Persian Empire, noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation |
| Herodotus? | Greek historian, "Father of History", "Histories" enunciated Greek view of fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars |
| Hoplite? | heavily armed Greek infantryman; over time, the ability to afford a hoplite panoply and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship |
| Ionia? | territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia (Turkey); main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire |
| Mandate of Heaven? | ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently |
| Persepolis? | capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire,destroyed by Alexander the Great |
| From where did Persia take their political system? | Babylon and Assyria |
| Was Persia larger or smaller then its predecessors? | larger |
| How far did Persia spread? | from Egypt to India |
| Cult of kingship? | king is worshiped |
| In Persia where did the divine right come from? | Ahura Mazda |
| In Persia who watched for corruption? | spies |
| What was the Greeks political organization? | not centralized, hundreds of independent city-states |
| What did participation in government focus on in Greece? | citizenship, people run state affairs |
| Citizenship started as wealthy but grew to include who? | lower-class men |
| Who was excluded everywhere in Greece? | women, slaves, foreigners |
| After the Greco-Persian Wars, what did Athens look to do? | prove it was the leader of the city states |
| What did Sparta seek from Athens? | total independence |
| What did poor soldiers hope for in Rome? | land, loot, salaries |
| How did the aristocracy gain power and promotion in Rome? | took more land |
| Roman Empire's main policy? | to grow |
| In China, Buddhism was adopted without what? | support by state |
Created by:
1213hannahhillard
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