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Chapter 4&5~
Chapter 4 and 5 Flashcards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are some civilizations that flourished without a single rule/state/empire? | The competing city-states of Mesopotamia, Greece, and the Maya. |
| What are the Eurasian empires of the classical era? | Persia, Greece under Alexander, Rome, China (Han and Qin), and India (Mauryan and Gupta). |
| What is one of the most consequential cultural encounters in the world? | The interaction between Greece and Rome. |
| Where is the Persian Empire? | On the Iranian plateau north of the Persian Gulf. |
| The Persian Empire ruled under the will of what Persian god? | Ahura Mazda. |
| What title did Persian kings receive? | Great King, King of Kings, Kings of countries containing all kinds of men, King in this great earth far and wide. |
| What are Persian governors? | Satraps. One is placed in each of the 23 provinces. |
| What are the "eyes and ears of the King"? | Imperial spies, who represented a further imperial presence in the far reaches of the empire. |
| How is Persia a model for other empires of that time? | They adopted other foreign customs very quickly; they had a court, with administrators, tax collectors, record keepers, and translators. |
| Name some of Persia's great achievements. | Coinage, taxes, a canal, and a royal road which greatly increased trade and communication. |
| What are some of Persia's elaborate imperial centers? | Susa, Persepolis (Audience Hall), palaces, quarters for the harem, monuments, and carvings. |
| Classical Greece was made up off... | small competing city-states, that allowed varying degrees of participation in political life. |
| What did the Greeks call themselves? | Hellenes. |
| How did Greece's geography affect its shape of civilizations? | It became hundreds of city-states and settlements. Each was quite small, very independent, and in constant conflict with their neighbors. |
| What was the Greek's idea of "citizenship"? | Free people running the affairs of the state, and equality for all citizens before the law. |
| How did the role of "citizens" differ from state to state and over time? | At first only the wealthy could hold full citizenship. Later on middle and lower class men could obtain these rights. |
| What rights does a man have with "full citizenship"? | The right to speak and vote in the assembly, hold public office, and fight in the army. |
| What are "hoplites" and what are "tyrants"? | Tyrants are wealthy, strong, benevolent rulers who would sometimes challenge the wealthy. The hoplites were infantry men. |
| What was the Spartan government like? | It consisted of the Council of Elders, which was composed of 28 old men who served for life and served as a political leadership role. |
| What were "helots" in Sparta? | Slaves from the lands Sparta conquered. Made up most of the population. |
| Who was Solon? | Solon was Greek reform leader who pushed Athenian politics in a more democratic way. |
| What happened after Solon's reform on Greek democracy? | Debt slavery was abolished, access to public office was open to wider group of men, and all citizens could take part in assembly. |
| What did later reformers, such as Cleisthenes and Pericles, do? | All holders of public office were chose by a lot and were paid so that even the poorest could serve. The assembly became the center of political life. |
| How did the Greeks and Persians cross paths? | They both "conquered" the same land and the Greek citizens rebelled the Persians. The citizens found support from Athens to fight Persia. |
| How did Persia treat their loss and how did Greek treat their triumph? | For Persia, it was more embarrassing but had little affect on the actual empire that was so far away from where the battle actually took place. For Greece it was treated with enormous pride. |
| What happened to Greece after the Greco-Persian Wars, especially in Athens? | They felt it was a victory for their freedom, and it also radicallized Athenian democracy. The poorer men who helped win the battle were given full citizenship. The 50 years after the Greco-Persian Wars, they experienced a Golden Age for Greek culture. |
| What are some of the accomplishments that took place during the Greek's Golden Age? | The Parthenon, Greek theater, and Socrates begin his career as a philosopher. |
| How did the Greek's civil war (431-404 BCE) come about? | Athens, during the Greco-Persian Wars, had create an imperialism between 30 city-states. As Athens became more dominant, their allies became more resentful, leading to the civil war. |
| What happened in the Peloponnesian War? | Sparta took the lead defeating Athens. During this, their country weakened as a whole which lead to their takeover by Macedonia. |
| How was Greece politically unified? | Under the Macedonian takeover, led by Philip II. However the city states lost much of their prize independence. |
| Philips's son did what else to further unify Greece? | Alexander, led a Greek expedition against the Persian Empire. It took 10 years. |
| How did Alexander the Great affect Persia? | The Persian Empire was destroyed, the capital city, Persepolis, was looted and burned, and Alexander was proclaimed as the "king of Asia". |
| How did Alexander's conquests affect Greece? | The Greek Empire expanded from Egypt and Anatolia and India. In Egypt he was anointed as pharaoh and declared to be the "son of the gods". |
| What happened to the Empire after Alexander's death? | It was divided into 3 kingdoms and ruled by Macedonian generals. |
| What happened in the Hellenistic era? | Greek monuments and sculptures, Greek theaters and markets, Greek councils and assemblies had been adopted as a way of life for each place Alexander conquered. |
| In what other ways was Greek culture spread? | Greek language was widely spoken from the Mediterranean to India. |
| How were these new cities different from the original city-states of Greece? | They didn't value independence as much as Athens and Sparta. |
| How did the Macedonians and Greeks consider themselves among the rest of the empire? | They were the elite and kept themselves separate. For example, in Egypt, different legal systems for Greeks and native Egyptians maintained this separation. |
| How could native peoples become Greek citizens? | By getting a Greek education, speaking the language, dressing appropriately, and taking a Greek name. |
| How were Greeks viewed in the caste system in India? | They were put into the Kshatriya (warrior) caste. |
| What happened after the Hellenistic era faded? | Greek rule was replaced by that of the Romans, who also spread Greek culture and made it into their own. |
| What empires arose after the Greeks and Persia? | The Roman and Chinese empires. |
| How did the Roman empire arise? | It began as a small, impoverished city-state on the western side of central Italy. However, Rome became the center of a huge imperial state that encompassed the Mediterranean basin and parts of Europe, Britain, North Africa, and the Middle East. |
| How was Rome governed after the king was overthrown by Roman aristocrats? | It became a republic in which the wealthy class, patricians, dominated. There were 2 consuls, advised by a patrician assembly, the Senate. |
| How did plebeians, the poorer classes, change Roman political life? | A written code of law protected the plebeians against abuse, a system of public assemblies proved them the opportunity to shape public policy, and the office of tribune, who represented plebeians, allowed them to block unfavorable legislation. |
| How did the growth of the empire represent opportunity? | Poor soldiers hoped for land, loot, or salaries that could get their families out of poverty. The well-0ff gained great estates, earned promotions, and could achieve a high political office. |
| How did the civil war in Rome come about? | The imperial riches empowered a small group of military leaders: Marius, Sulla, Pompey, and Julius Caesar, who recruited their troops from the poor. |
| After the civil war in Rome what happened? | Authority was now vested in a emperor, the first of whom was Octavian/Augustus. The republic was gone and it was now an empire. |
| How did Augustus maintain the forms of the Republic? | He kept the Senate, consuls, and public assemblies. He referred to himself as "first man" instead of king or emperor, although he had enormous personal power. |
| What was the pax Romana? | The Roman peace a time of security, grandeur, and relative prosperity. This was the era of Rome's greatest extent and authority. |
| Who reunified China? | Qin Shihuangdi, whose own state of Qin had developed an effective bureaucracy, had subordinated its aristocracy, had iron weapons, and had a rising agricultural output and growing population. |
| What was Legalism? | A political philosophy, which advocated clear rules and harsh punishments, which enforced the authority of the state. |
| What were some of Shihuangdi's accomplishments? | The Great Wall of China, a uniform system of weights, measures, and currency, the length of axles for carts, and the written form of the Chinese language. |
| What dynasty followed the Qin? | The Han Dynasty (206-220 CE), which retained the centralized features of the Qin, but moderated the harshness of those polices, adopting a milder and moralistic Confucianism as the governing philosophy of the states. |
| How did both China and Rome define themselves in universal terms? | Rome brought "almost the entire world" under their control, while the Chinese state was said to encompass "all under heaven". |
| How had both China and Rome been heavily invested in public works? | They had roads, bridges, aqueducts, canals, protective walls. |
| How did China and Rome both invoke supernatural sanctions to support their rule? | Romans began the consider deceased emperors as gods which established a religious cult to bolster the authority of living emperors. In China they ruled by the Mandate of Heaven. |
| What was the Mandate of Heaven? | Emperors in China were called the Son of Heaven and governed by the Mandate of heaven as long as they ruled morally and with benevolence. Peasant rebellions, invasions, and disastrous floods were signs that the emperor had lost the Mandate of Heaven. |
| How was Rome more culturally diverse than China? | Rome, beginning as a small city-state, made Romans and Italians a distinctive minority. In China everyone looked Chinese. Non-Chinese were considered barbarians. |
| Rome reluctantly granted citizenship to various individuals, families, or whole communities for their service to the empire. What advantages came with being a citizen? | The right to hold public office, service in legions of the Roman army, and to wear a toga. (helllloooo toga party!) |
| What are some non-Roman cultural traditions? | Education from the Greeks, the cult of her Persian god Mithra and the Egyptian goddess Isis, and the Jewish derived religion of Christianity. |
| How do Latin and the Chinese language differ? | Latin lead to Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Romanian- China did not. Chinese characters were not easily translated but could be read by all literate people. |
| What kind of bureaucracy did China create that held the empire together? | Emperor Wudi of the Han established an imperial academy for training officials for the bureaucracy with teaching based on Confucianism. |
| What is China's civil service system? | The imperial academy, complete with examinations and selection by merit. |
| Unlike China, Rome had.. | an elaborate body of law, applicable equally to all, dealing with matters of justice, property, commerce, and family life. |
| Rome=good laws | China=good men |
| What happened to Rome when it fell? | Only the western half of the empire collapsed, while the eastern part became the Byzantine empire. |
| Why did Rome and China fall? | They became to big, too overextend, and too expensive to be supported by the available resources. |
| How did rivalries among the elite in China create instability? | Tension between castrated court officials loyal to the emperor and Confucian-educated scholar-bureaucrats weakened the empire. |
| In Rome how was imperial authority eroded? | Between 235 and 284 CE, 26 men claimed the title of Roman emperor, with only one dying a natural causes. |
| The population of Rome declined by 25 percent in the 2 centuries following 250 CE. What did the demographic disaster lead to? | It diminished protection, less revenue for the state, and there were fewer men available for the defense of the empire's long frontiers. |
| Before the northern peoples easily breached the frontier defenses of China and created "barbarian states", what had China done to keep them out? | Built the Great Wall, offered them trading opportunities at border markets,gave them gifts, contracted marriage alliances with nomadic leaders, and conducted periodic military campaigns against them. |
| How did Germanic people affect Rome? | Germanic-speakers living on it's northern frontier traveled to the empire- some as mercenaries in Roman armies and others fleeing from the Huns- there they established their own kingdoms. First they controlled the Roman emperors, then displaced them. |
| What happened after the collapse of China? | 350 years of disunion, disorder, frequent warfare, and political chaos. |
| Under the Sui (589-618 CE), Tang (618-907), and Song (960-1279), China was reunified into... | a Chinese imperial state, like Han, were a single emperor ruled, a bureaucracy selected by examinations governed, and the ideas of Confucius informed the political system. |
| Why was China able to reconstruct something of the unity of their classical empire? | The greater cultural homogeneity of Chinese civilization made it easier, unlike the vastly diverse society of Rome. |
| What First Civilization cities flourished in India? | Harappa, though there was little evidence of any central political authority. |
| What was India's most distinctive trait? | Hinduism and the caste system. |
| What industries were popular during the Mauryan empire? | Spinning, weaving, mining, shipbuilding, and armaments. |
| Who was Ashoka? | A Mauryan emperor (268-232 BCE, who left a record of his activities and his thinking in series of edicts throughout the kingdom. |
| When did the Mauryan empire fall? | After Ashoka's death, with short lived imperial experiments following, such as the Gupta Empire (320-550 CE). |
| In what classical civilizations had lasting religions to form there? | China-Confucianism/Legalism/Daoism. India-Hinduism/Buddhism. Middle East-Zoroastrianism/Judaism Greece-Greek Rationalism |
| Who founded Confucianism? | Confucius or Kong Fuzi |
| What is one of the most prominent Legalist thinkers? | Hen Fei. |
| Who founded Daoism? | Laozi |
| Who was associated with Hinduism? | Priests called Brahmins, who preached from the Vedas and later the Upanishads. |
| Who founded Buddhism? | Siddhartha Gautama, or the Buddha. |
| Who was associated with Zoroastrianism? | The Persian prophet Zarathustra. |
| Who was associated with Judaism? | A number of prophets such as Amos, Jeremiah, and Isaiah. |
| Who was associated with Greek rationalism? | Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. |
| How were Chinese and Greek religions alike? | They were more focused on the affairs of this world and understanding that reality. |
| How were Persian, Indian, and Jewish religions alike? | They were more religious than those of China and Greece. |
| How did the Chinese philosophies come about? | During the warring states many people begin thinking of a way of order, which ultimately created these philosophies and religions. |
| What were the Analects? | A short book compiled of Confucius's teachings. |
| What was Confucianism? | A philosophy were not laws and punishments would restore harmony in China, but the moral example of superiors. |
| What kind of unequal relationships were taught to obey in Confucianism? | Father to son. Husband to wide, older brother to younger brother, and the ruler to the subject. |
| If the superiors did what, then the inferiors would would respond with deference and obedience? | In order for the inferiors to behave the superiors would have to behave with sincerity, benevolence, and genuine concern for others. |
| What is ren? | Human-heartedness, benevolence, goodness, and nobility of heart. Ingredients for a tranquil society NOT the power puff girls. |
| In order for people to improve, Confucius supported what? | Broad liberal arts education emphasizing language, literature, history, philosophy, and ethics. |
| What Chinese dynasty was most often associated with Confucianism? | The Han and it's civil service system. |
| What is filial piety? | The honoring of one's ancestors and parents. |
| Who was Ban Zhao? | The woman who wrote "Lesson for Women", which was book defining a woman's role in the thinking of Confucianism. (Asian feminists probs hate her guts.) |
| Why did Ban Zhao think girls should have an education? | So they could serve their husbands later. (Dear Ban Zhao, I am an independent black woman who don't need no man.) |
| The Confucian-based examination system... | provided social mobility. |
| In Confucianism emperors should... | keep taxes low, administer justice, and provide for the material needs of the people. |
| What was Confucius's view on death and the after life? | He said that because we do not fully understand this life, we cannot possibly know anything about the life beyond. |
| What was the Daodejing? | A poetic book, also called The Way and Its Power, written by Laozi before he disappeared into the forest on his water buffalo. (cue larry the cucumber on silly songs with larry: everybody's got a water buffalo some are fast and some are slow) |
| What was the Daoist way of thinking? | Go into the forest man, be spontaneous man, individualistic, and natural man. |
| What is dao? | The way of nature,and the underlying and unchanging principle that governs all natural phenomena. Dao is the way man. |
| Align yourself in the way of nature means? | Simplicity in living, small self-sufficient communities, limited government, self-improvement and no education. |
| How did the Chinese elite view Confucianism and Daoism as a whole? | They were complimentary, like yin and yang (the belief in the unity of opposites). |
| What is one way Hinduism is different from all other religions? | It has no founder nor does it seek out people to join the religion. |
| What were the Vedas? | The earlist of Hindu texts from the Hindu gods and stuff. Example: "hey wat r u guys up 2. i wnt u guys to read these poems, hymns, prayers, and rituals. c u guys in the Brahman" |
| Brahmins | The priestly caste of India. |
| Upanishads | Indian mystical and philosophical works |
| Brahman | The "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief |
| Atman | The human soul that seeks union with Brahman |
| Moksha | liberation with Brahman |
| karma | In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence |
| Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) | The Indian prince turned ascetic who founded Buddhism |
| Mahayana | "Great Vehicle"; the popular development of Buddhism, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings and proved to be more popular than original Buddhism (called Theravada) |
| Theravada | "The Teaching of the Elders", the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha was a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes practices rather than beliefs |
| nirvana | The end goal of Buddhism in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion |
| Zoroastrianism | Persian religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra |
| Ahura Mazda | In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world |
| Angra Mainyu | In Zoroastrianism, the evil god engaged in a cosmic struggle with Ahura Mazda |
| Judaism | The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh) with concerns for social justice |
| Isaiah | One of the most important prophets of Judaism, whose teachings show the transformation of the religion in favor of compassion and social justice |
| Jesus of Nazareth | The prophet/god of Christianity |
| Greek rationalism | A secularizing system of scientific and philosophical thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 - 300 BCE; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in non-religious terms |
| Socrates | The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence |
| Thales | A Greek natural philosopher, noted for his application of reason to astronomy and for his questioning of the fundamental nature of the universe |
| Pythagoras | A major Greek philosopher who believed that an unchanging mathematical order underlies the apparent chaos of the world |
| Hippocrates | A very influential Greek medical theorist; father of medicine |
| Plato | A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 - 348 BCE |
| St Paul | The first great encourager of Christianity |
| Constantine | Roman emperor whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe |
| Theodosius | Roman emperor who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman state, banning all polytheistic rituals |
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