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Chp. 7 AP World
Africa and the Americas
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Maya language and folkways have persisted among some 6 million people currently living in which countries? | Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras |
| "a new time of the Maya"? | writing own histories, celebrating own culture, creating own organizations, teaching children to read |
| What were the classical-era civilizations besides those of Eurasia? | Mesoamerican Maya, Peruvian Moche, Meroe, Axum, Niger River valley |
| Beginning in Africa, where did the vast movement of humankind subsequently encompass? | Eurasia, Australia, the Americas, Oceania |
| What long remained the sole basis for sustaining life and society? | hunting and gathering |
| What were the three supercontinents did the momentous turn of the Agriculture Revolution take place independently and in several distinct areas areas of each landmass? | Eurasia, Africa, the Americas |
| What did the revolutionary transformation of human life subsequently generate? | complex societies-civilizations |
| During the classical era, Eurasia was home to what percent of the world's population? | 80% |
| During the classical era, Africa was home to what percent of the world's population? | 11% |
| During the classical era, the Americas was home to what percent of the world's population? | 5%-7% |
| That unevenness in population distribution is part of the reason why world historians do what? | focus more attention on Eurasia than Africa or the Americas |
| What was the reason why no pastoral societies were developed in the Americas? | absence of most animals capable of domestication, no draft animals were available to pull plows or carts or to carry heavy loads for long distances |
| What was the reason why domesticated animals (such as goats, horses, and camels) were widely available to African people? | their close proximity to Eurasia |
| Where was metallurgy far less developed than in the Eastern Hemisphere? | the Americas |
| In the Americas writing was limited to what region? | Mesoamerican region, most highly developed among the Maya |
| Where was writing in Africa confined to? | the northern and northeastern part of the continent |
| In Eurasia were did writing emerge? | many regions |
| Compare classical civilization in Eurasia to those in Africa and the Americas. | Africa and the Americas had fewer civilizations and were generally smaller, large numbers of their people lived in communities that did not feature cities and states |
| Africa's environmental variations? | small regions of Mediterranean climate in north and southern extremes, large deserts, larger regions of savanna grasslands, tropical rainforests in continent's center, highlands and mountains in eastern Africa |
| What did Africa's environmental variations and enormous size result in? | ensured variation and difference among Africa's many people |
| Africa's one distinctive environmental feature? | bisected by the equator, most tropical of the world's three supercontinents |
| What caused the rapid decomposition of humus? | persistent warm temperatures |
| What did the rapid decomposition of humus result in? | poorer and less fertile soils and a less productive agriculture |
| What did Africa's climate conditions also cause? | numerous disease carrying insects and parasites, which have long created serious health problems in many parts of the continent |
| What was another geographic feature that shaped African history? | its proximity to Eurasia |
| North Africa was incorporated into the Roman Empire and used to do what? | produce wheat and olives on large estates with slave labor |
| Christianity spread widely, giving rise to what? | some of the early Church's most famous martyrs and one of it most important theologists, Saint Augustine |
| Where, in Africa, did the Christian faith find an even more permanent foothold? | Ethiopia |
| Where was another point of contact with the larger world for the African peoples? | Arabia |
| What domesticated animal that probably came from Arabia generated a pastoral way of life among some of the Berber peoples of the western Sahara during the first three centuries C.E.? | camel |
| What was another thing that camels made possible? | trans-Saharan commerce |
| What did trans-Saharan commerce link? | interior West Africa to the world of the Mediterranean civilization |
| The East African coast was a port of call for which peoples? | Egyptian, Roman, and Arab merchants |
| What part of African societies generated various patterns of historical change during the classical era? | external connections and internal development |
| What three regions serve to illustrate these differences and the many social and cultural experiments spawned by the peoples of this continent? | northeastern Africa, the Niger River basin in West Africa, ans the vast world of Bantu-speaking Africa south of the equator |
| Where was the Nubian civilization? | in the Nile Valley south of Egypt |
| How did the Nubians interact with Egypt? | they traded and fought, alternately conquering and being conquered |
| What happened to Egypt and the Nubians by the classical era? | Egypt fell under foreign control, Nubian civilization came to center on the southern city of Meroe, where it flourished |
| Who was the Kingdom of Meroe governed by? | an all powerful and sacred monarch, a position occasionally conferred on women |
| What economic specialties did the city of Meroe and other urban centers house? | merchants, weavers, potters, masons, servants, laborers, slaves |
| What were prominent industries? | manufacturing of iron tools and weapons |
| The rural areas surrounding Meroe were populated by who? | peoples who practiced some combination of herding and farming and paid periodic tribute to the ruler |
| In Meroe what was possible that made farmers less dependent on irrigation? | rainfall-based agriculture |
| This meant the rural population did not need to what? | concentrate so heavily along the Nile and was less directly controlled from the capital |
| What did the wealth and military power in Meroe derive from? | extensive long distance trading connections, to the north via the Nile and to the east and west by means of camel caravans |
| What gave Meroe a reputation for great riches in the classical world of northeastern Africa and the Mediterranean? | its iron weapons and cotton cloth, access to gold, ivory, tortoiseshells, and ostrich feathers |
| Why did Meroe seem to move away from the heavy Egyptian influence of earlier times? | a local lion god, Apedemek, grew more important than Egyptian deities and Egyptian style writing declined as a new Meroitic script took it place |
| Why did the Kingdom of Meroe decline? | deforestation caused by the need for wood to make charcoal for smelting iron |
| Who took over Meroe? | a neighboring and rising state, Axum |
| What eroded the Christian civilization that Nubia was and caused it to Convert to Islam? | political division, Arab immigration, penetration of Islam |
| Where was Axum located? | Horn of Africa, in what is now Eritrea and northern Ethiopia |
| What was Axum's economic foundation? | highly productive agriculture that used a plow-based farming system |
| What was Axum grew into a substantial state in part of its stimulation by what? | participation in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean commerce |
| What was the interior capital city, also called Axum? | center of monumental building and patronage for the arts |
| What were the most famous buildings? | obelisks, which most likely marked royal graves |
| What was the language used at court, in the towns, and for commerce? | Geez, written in a script derived from South Arabia |
| Who did the Axumite state exercise control over? | mostly the Agaw-speaking people of the country through a loose administrative structure focusing of the collection of tribute payments |
| To the Romans, where did Axum place in the world they knew? | Axum was the third major empire |
| Through what was Axum introduced to Christianity? | connections to Red Sea trade and the Roman world, particularly Egypt |
| When did the monarch at the time, King Ezana, adopt the religion? | around the same time as Constantine did in the Roman Empire |
| When Christianity took root in Axum what did it link? | it linked Axum to Egypt religiously |
| What distinctive Christian church was already well established in Egypt? | Coptic |
| During the fourth through sixth centuries Axum expanded to where? | Kingdom of Meroe, across the Red Sea into Yemen in South Arabia |
| Why did the Axumite state decline? | environmental changes, such as soil exhaustion, erosion, and deforestation; the rise of Islam |
| What features did both Axum and Meroe exhibit to parallel on a smaller scale the major features of a the classical civilizations of Eurasia? | long-distance trading connections, urban centers, centralized states, complex societies, monumental architecture, written languages, imperial ambitions |
| What brought growing numbers of people from the southern Sahara into the fertile floodplain of the middle Niger in search of more reliable access to water? | a prolonged dry period |
| What did these people bring with them? | domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats; their agricultural skills; and their ironworking technology |
| What did the people who gathered in the floodplain of the Nile do? | they created a distinctive city-based civilization |
| Jenne-jeno? | most fully studied of the urban clusters, at its high point probably housed more than 40,000 people |
| One of the most distinctive features of the Niger Valley civilization? | absence of a corresponding state structure |
| Why did the region seem to be complex urban centers that apparently operated without the coercive authority of a state? | archeologists have found in their remains few signs of despotic power, widespread warfare, or deep social inequalities |
| What did the urban centers resemble? | early cities of the Indus Valley civilization |
| In place of such hierarchical organization, Jenne-jeno and other cities of the region emerged as what? | clusters of economically specialized settlements surrounding a larger central town |
| What was the earliest and most prestigious of these specialized occupations? | iron smithing |
| Why were smiths of the Niger Valley feared and revered? | they worked with fire and earth (ore) to produce this highly useful metal |
| What were some other specialization villages that followed iron smithing? | villages of cotton weavers, potters, leather workers, griots (praise-singers) |
| Gradually what did these urban artisan communities become? | occupational castes, whose members passed their jobs and skills to their children and could marry only within their own group |
| Farmers? | farmers tilled soil and raised animals in the surrounding rural areas, were also specialized as various ethnic groups |
| Who shared authority of the Niger Valley? | a series of distinct and specialized economic groups, they shared authority and voluntarily used the services of one another, while maintaining their own identities through physical separation |
| What did the middle Niger flood-plain support in its commerce> | richj agriculture and had clay for potters |
| What was the basis for long-distnace trade commerce in the middle Niger flood-plain? | scarcity of stone, iron, ore, salt, fuel |
| Where were all the scarce items in the Niger flood-plain found? | Jenne-jeno |
| What was Jenne-jeno in relation to commerce? | an important transshipment point in the commerce, in which goods were transfered from boat to donkey or vice versa |
| What are some large scale states or empires that emerged in West Africa in the second millennium C.E.? | Ghana, Mali, Songhay |
| What was responsible for these new developments? | camel-borne trans-Saharan commerce |
| What religion penetrated West Africa as it became more firmly connected to North America and the Mediterranean? | Islam |
| What was the most significant development of the classical era in the region of Nubia/Meroe, Axum, and the Niger River valley? | movement of Bantu speaking people into the subcontinent |
| What did this movement generate? | some 400 distinct but closely related languages, known collectively as Bantu |
| Describe the Bantu expansion. | slow movement of peoples, perhaps a few extended families at a time, but taken as a whole, it brought to Africa south of the equator a measure of cultural and linguistic commonality, marking it as a distinct region of the continent |
| How did the movement of peoples generate numerous cross-cultural encounters? | the Bantu-speaking newcomers interacted with already established societies |
| Between who did the most significant encounter occur? | the agricultural Bantu and the gathering and hunting peoples who earlier occupied Africa south of the equator |
| What advantages did Bantu-speaking farmers have? | ag. generated productive economy, larger # people in small area; farmers brought disease, foraging people had little imunity; iron tools and weapons |
| During the classical era, since the Bantu-speaking people had the greater advantage, what happened to the gathering and hunting peoples? | they were displaced, absorbed, or largely eliminated in most parts of Africa south of the equator |
| In the Kalahari region of southwestern Africa and a few places in East Africawhich gathering and hunting people survived into modern times? | San |
| In the rain forest region of Central Africa, in which foraging peoples were there "forest specialist"? | Batwa (Pygmy) |
| What did "forest specialists" produce? | honey, wild game, elephant products, animal skins, and medicinal barks and plants |
| Who did the Batwa trade with for agricultural products? | their neighbors the Bantu |
| What did the Batwa adopt from the Bantu? | their languages |
| Bantu-speaking people created a wide variety of distinct societies and cultures, how did some of them organize themselves that did not have any political system? | made decisions, resolved conflicts, and maintained order by using kinship structures or lineage principals supplemented by age grades, which joined men of a particular generation together across various lineages |
| Elswhere, what did the lineage heads evolve into if they gained a measure of personal wealth and was skillful at meditating between the local spirits? | chiefs with a modest political athority |
| What did the kind of society that developed in any particular area depend on? | host of local factors: population density, trading oppurtunities, and interaction among different peoples |
| What did Bantu religious practices place less emphasis on? | High or Creator God, who was reviewed as remote and largely uninvolved in ordinary life, and focused instead on ancestral or nature spirits |
| Bantu religious practice was predicted on what notion? | "continuous revelation" |
| "continuous revelation"? | possibility of constantly recieving new messages from the world beyond |
| Bantu religions were geographically confined, intended to do what? | expalin, predict, and control local affairs, with no missionary impulse or inclination toward universality? |
| Remarkable achievements occurred in the earl American civilizations and cultures without what? | large domesticated animals or ironworking technologies |
| Which two regions housed the vast majority of the population of the Americas? | Mesoamerica and the Andes |
| Where was Mesoamerica located? | stretching from central Mexico to northern Central America |
| Describe the environment in Mesoamerica? | steamy lowland rain forests to cold and windy highland plateaus, cut by numerous mountains and valleys and generating many microclimates |
| What did these conditions contribute to? | substantial linguistic and ethnic diversityand to many distinct and competing cities, chiefdoms, and states |
| What was Mesoamerica's intensive agricultural technology devoted to? | raising maize, beans, chili peppers, and squash; prepared maize in distinctive and highly nutritious fachion; based economies on market exchange; practicied religions feat. small pantheon of deities, belief in cosmic creation cycle, monumental ceremonial |
| Continued... | centers; employed common ritual calendar of 260 days anfd hieroglyphic writing; and they interacted frequently among themselves |
Created by:
1213hannahhillard
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