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Chapter: 7
Chapter 7: Classical Era Variations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Xelop? | A Mayan community. |
| Because of the Mayan Revival in 1994 what did the Mayans have to do? | They started writing their own histories, celebrating their own culture creating their own organizations amd teaching their children to read. |
| What focused global attention on poverty and misery of the country's Maya people? | the social and economic grievances against local landowners and an unresponsive gov. |
| Why were the Mayans different than the classical era civilizations? | They didnt organize themselves around cities or states and they had different ways of constructing their societies. |
| Where did hunting and gathering remain a sole basis for sustaining life? | Eurasia, Australia, the Americas, and Oceania |
| What was the total world population at the beginning of the Common Era? | about 250 million people |
| Why was the population in the beginning of the common era considered sparse? | because it was less than the current US population. |
| Which civilation had the largest population? The smallest? | Eurasia with 80% and America with 5-7% |
| Why do world historians focus more on Eurasia more than the other civilizations? | Because of the unevenness in the population distribution and Eurasia having 80% of the worlds pop. |
| What did America lack that Eurasia did not? | they didnt have draft animals to pull plows/carts/carry heavy loads for long distances. |
| What did Africa lack? | wild sheep, goats, chickens, horses, and camels. |
| What was Americas and Africas writing system like? | America:limited to Mesoamerica region, developed by the Mayans Africa:confined to northeastern part of Africa. |
| What was writing like in Eurasia? | Writing emerged elaborately in many regions |
| What do historians refer Africa to? | A continental landmass, not a cultural identity. |
| What did Eurasia, Americas, and Africa have in common? | hosted numerous seperate societies, cultures, and civilizations with vast differences. |
| What ensured variations and differences among Africa's peoples? | grasslands, tropical rain forests, highlands and mountains...land features changed the way people lived. |
| Why was Africa less agriculturally productive than Eurasia? | b/c warm temps caused decomposition of veggie matter (hummus) resulting in less fertile soil. |
| What did warm temps also cause in Africa? | numerous disease carrying insects and parasites-caused serious health problems. |
| How did geography shape Africa? | Africa's proximity to Eurasia shaped Africa b/c it allowed the 2 tointeract with eachother. |
| During the first 3 centuries CE what generated a nomadic/pastoral life in Africa? | the domesticated camel that came from Arabia. |
| How did East Africa become part of the Indian Ocean trading networks? | It was a port to Egyptian, Roman, and Arab merchants. |
| What are the three regions of Africa? | northeastern Africa, the Niger River basin West Afica, Africa south of the equator. |
| What civilization fought and traded with Egypt? | The Nubians. |
| What happened when Egypt fell under foreign control? | The Nubians came to center on the southern city of Meroe. |
| How was the kingdom of Meroe governed? | An all powerful and sacred monarch, a postion occasionally conferred on women. |
| What economic specialties did Meroe have? | merchants, weavers, potters, and masons, as well as servants, laborers, and slaves. |
| Why were Meroe farmers less dependent on an irrigation system? | Because they were able to base their agriculture on the rainfall. |
| Why did Meroe have a reputation for geat riches? | b/c of its iron weapons, cotton cloth, gold, ivory, tortoise shells, and ostrich feathers. |
| When and why did Meroe decline? | centuries following 100 CE b/c of deforestation. |
| Where is Axum located? | Axum lay in the Horn of Africa, what is now Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. |
| What is Axums economic foundtation? | A highly productive agriculture that used a plow based farming system. |
| What provided a major source of revenue for the Axums? | taxes on the trade |
| What are obelisks? | famous buildings that marked royal graves. |
| What were the Axum to the Romans? | The third major empire within the world they knew. |
| How was Axum introduced to Christianinty? | through its connections to the Red Sea trade and the Roman world, particulary in Egypt. |
| Who was the king at the time that they adopted Christianity. | King Ezana |
| What happened in Axum during the 4-6th century CE? | Axum mounted a campaign of imperial expansion that took its forces in Meroe, across the Red Sea into Yemen in South Arabia. |
| What caused the decline of the Axums? | soil exhaustion, erosion, deforestation, rise of the Islam(altered trade routes, demenished revenue) |
| How did Niger become a civilization? | A dry spell which caused the people of the Sahara to move in search of water. They found water at the Niger River. |
| What did the people bring to Niger? | They brough their domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats, their ag skills, and ironworking technology. |
| What city of Niger was most studied? | Jenne Jeno. |
| What made Niger differernt than the other civilizations? | The Niger was not encompassed within a larger imperail system. |
| How did the city Jenne Jeno emerge? | clusters of economically specialized settlements surrounding a larger central town. |
| What was the most prestigous and specialized occupation in Niger? | Iron smithing |
| What are griots? | praise singers who preserved and recited the oral traditions of their society. |
| What happened in the second millenium CE? | A number of large scale states or empires emerged in the region. |
| What was the Bantu expansion? | a slow movement of peoples, perhaps a few extended families at a time, but as a whole it brough south of the equator in Africa cultural and linguistic commonality. |
| How did the Bantu speaking people generate cross cultural encounters? | The Bantu speaking people interacted with already established societies, changing them both in the process. |
| During the encounter what advantages did the Bantu speaking people have? | a more productive economy, large # of people living in small areas, diseases they were immuned to but other outsifers were not, iron useful for tools and weapons. |
| What did the Batwas and the Bantu exchange during trade? | honey, elephant products, animal skins, medicinal barks and plants, ag products and the Batwas adopted Bantu language. |
| What was the Batwas to the Bantu speaking people? | the original civilizers of the earth. |
| What changed the culture of the Bantu speaking people during the cross cultural encounters? | Yam ag couldnt support growing numbers had to adopt grains, domesticated cattle and sheep. |
| What ways did the Bantu speaking people form a variety of societies? | they organized themselves w/o political specialists, maintained order by using kingships structures |
| What was Bantu religion like? | Bantu religion was focused on ancestoral or nature spirits, sacrificed cattle,believed in charms |
| What did Bantu religion practice? | The notion of continuos relevation- the possibility of constantly recieving new messages from the world beyond. |
| What cultural achievement did the Mayans have? | the intellecutals (priests) developed a mathematical system that included zero and complex calculations. |
| What were the Mayans' writing system like? | it used both pictographs and phonetic or syllabic elements. |
| What supported a very rapid growth and dense population? | a flourishing agriculture |
| What caused the collapse of the Mayan Empire? | long term drought that decreased the population by 85%-famine, epidemic, and war |
| Where was the civ of Teotihuacan located? | to the north in the valley of Mexico. |
| What was the population in Teotihuacan in 550 CE? | 100,000- 200,000 |
| What is unknown about Teotihuacan? | its original name, language of its people, type of gov and the functions of the deities. |
| Why was the city impressive? | broad avenues, spacious plazas, huge marketplaces, temples, palaces, apartments,water ways, drainage systems |
| Why were people buried with their hands and arms tied behind them? | b/c they were the unwilling sacrifical victoms meant to accompany the afterlife of the high ranking person buried there. |
| What was Teotihuacan referred to? | the "city of gods" |
| What was the Chavin de Huantar? | a village located in the Andean highlands- was the focus of religious movement that swept through Peru |
| What was the religion like in Chavin? | it was based on the desert and the rain forest. religious deities were sometime represtned by jaguars, crocodiles, and snakes |
| Where was the Moche civ located? | 250 mile stretch of Perus northern coast. |
| Who was the Moche goverend by | warrior priests |
| What caused the collapse of the Moche civ? | droughts, earthquakes, and torrential rainfall |
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1213meganhouk
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