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Chapter 6 A.P. World
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the lowest category in the hierarchy of India's ranked society? | Chambar "Untouchables" |
| How was China's society unique? | It was shaped by the actions of the state |
| What was the most apparent in the shaping of China's civilization? | The political power and immense social prestige of Chinese state officials |
| Who established an imperial academy where potential officials were trained as scholars and immersed in Chinese classical texts? (history, literature, art, and mathematics with emphasis on Confucian teachings) | Emperor Wu Di |
| By the end of the Han dynasty how many students were enrolled in the imperial academy? | 30,000 |
| How were students at the imperial academy selected as officials? | a series of written examinations of various grades |
| Which of the following schools aspired more canidates for the examination system? Imperial academy or private schools? | Private schools |
| What helped the imperial court gain a position with the highest of Chinese elites? | Proximity to the capital and family connections |
| What did the examination system provide? | A modest measure of social mobility |
| What later became an enduring and distinguishing feature of Chinese society? | The examination system |
| Those who made it to bureaucracy ___? | Entered a realm of high privilege and enormous prestige |
| Senior officials moved about in what ___ that were appropriate to their rank? | Carriages and were bedecked with robes, ribbons, seals, and headdresses |
| Even lower officials in the provinces rather than the capital were distinguised by ___? | Their polished speech,cultural sophistication, and their urban manners as well as their political authority |
| The imperial edict stated in 144 B.C.E.? | " Officials are the leaders of the populace" |
| The officials were the ___ and ___ of Chinese culture? | Bearers and markers |
| Most officials came from ___? | Wealthy families |
| In China what meant wealth? | Land |
| In 210 B.C.E. what unified China? | The Qin Dynasty |
| Who held the most land in China? | Small scale peasant farmers |
| What generated a class of large landowners as impoverished peasants that found it necessary to sell their lands to more prosperous neighbors? (first century) | The pressures of population growth, taxation, and indebtedness |
| Who is associated with one of the most dramatic state efforts to counteract the growing power of large landowners? | Wang Mang (a high court official of the Han dynasty who usurped the emperor's throne in 8 C.E. and immediately launched a series of startling reforms) |
| What led to the collapse of Wang Mang's reforms and his assassination in 23 C.E.? | Opposition from wealthy landowners, nomadic invasions, poor harvests, floods, and families |
| What made up most of China's population? | Peasants living in small households representing 2 or 3 generations |
| What did state authorities demand from these peasants? | The required payment of taxes, a month's labor every year on various public projects, and conscipted young men for 2 years of military service |
| During which dynasty did growing numbers of impoverished peasants have to sell out to landlords and work as tenants or sharecroppers on their estates? | Han Dynasty |
| What punctuated Chinese history over the past 2,000 years? | The conditions of the peasants provoked periodic peasant rebellions |
| Toward the end of the 2nd century C.E. what resulted in epidemics compounded the misery of landlessness and poverty? | Wandering bands of peasants joining together as floods among the Yellow River |
| What was the Yellow Turban Rebellion? | A massive peasant uprising |
| Why was it called the Yellow Turban Rebellion? | Because of the yellow scarves they wore around their necks |
| The Yellow Turban Rebellion swelled to about how many armed followers? 184 C.E., found leaders, organizations, and a unifying ideology in a popular form of Daoism? | 360,000 |
| What did the Yellow Turban feature? | Supernatural healings, collective trances, and pulic confessions of sin |
| The Yellow Turban movement was looking forward to ___? | "Great Peace"- a golden age of complete equality, social harmony, and common ownership of property |
| Although the rebellion was suppressed by the military forces of the Han Dynasty what lead to the devastation of the economy, the weakening of the state, and the contribution of the overthrow of the dynasty decades later? | Yellow Turban and other peasant upheavals |
| What caused the collapse of more than one ruling dynasty? | Peasant movements that expressed religious terms which lead to the sharp class antagonisms of Chinese society |
| Peasants were __ and __ in the official ideology of the state? | Honored and celebrated |
| Peasants were ___? | Oppressed in China |
| In the eyes of the scholars peasants were? | The solid backbone of the country |
| Peasant's hard work and endurance in the face of difficulties were? | Worthy of praise |
| Merchant's did not enjoy what? | The favorable reputation in the eyes of China's elites |
| Peasants were often viewed as what? | Unproductive, making shameful profit from selling the work of others |
| How were merchants stereotyped? | Greedy, luxury-loving, and materialistic |
| Merchants stood in contrast to? | Alleged frugality, altruism, and cultured tastes of the scholar-gentry |
| Peasant's ill-grained wealth impoverished others, deprived the state of needed revenues, and fostered resentments were viewed as what? | A threat |
| Early in the Han dynasty, peasants were forbidden to? | Wear silk clothing, ride horses, or carry arms, to sit for civil service exams, or hold public office |
| What limited merchant opportunities? | State monopolies on profitable industries such as salt, iron and acohol |
| Later dynasties forced merchants to? | Loan large sums of money to the state |
| Despite this active discrimination, merchants often? | Became wealthy |
| Some merchants tried to achieve a more respectable elite status by? | Purchasing landed estates or educating their sons for the civil service exams |
| What was alike about China and India's social status? | Both detirmined by birth(little social mobility was available for the vast majority;sharp distinctions and great inequalitiescharacterized social life;and religious or cultural traditions defined these inequalities as natural,eternal, ordained by the gods |
| Caste comes from? | casta "race" "purity of blood" |
| Caste evolved from? | Racially defined encounter between light-skinned Aryan invaders and darker native people (So called) |
| Social system of classical India grew out of? | Interaction of many culturally different peoples on the South Asian peninsula together with the development of "civilization" spread in the Ganges River valley and beyond |
| What is varna? | The idea of society being divided into 4 ranked classes |
| Who was the first most important part of the caste system (varna)? | Brahmins (priests) |
| Who was the 2nd most important part of the caste system(varna)? | Kshatriya (warriors and rulers) charged with protecting and governing |
| Who was the 3rd class most important in the caste system (varna) was? | Vaisya (commoners, farmers, merchants, artisans)) that worked the land |
| What was the lowest class of the caste system (varna)? | Sudras (native people/ servants) |
| The 4 classes of the caste system (varna) were formed from what god? | Purusha |
| What was the class called that was even lower than the Sudras? | Untouchables |
| What was the job of untouchables? | To do jobs that were deemed unclean |
| Brahmins were what color? | White |
| What were the Brahmins symbol? | Spirituality |
| What were the part of the god body part? | The head |
| What was Kshatriya's color? | Red |
| What was Kshatriya's god body part? | Shoulders |
| What was the Kshatriya's symbol? | Courage |
| What was Vaisya's color? | Yellow |
| What was Vaisya's symbol/ | Wealth |
| What was the Vaisya's god body part? | Thighs |
| What was Sudra's color? | Black |
| What was Sudra's symbol | Ignorance |
| What was Sudra's god body part? | Feet |
| What was the identifications of the Untouchables? | No identification, were too low to be apart of god body, and did work, Was not apart of varna b/c of being so low |
| What is Samskara? | A ritual initiating a person from once phase of life to the new phase |
| How many stages of life did the varna system contain? | 4 |
| What were the 4 stages of the varna system? | Student(lived with teacher/guru,learned Sanskrit and rituals,obedience,non violence),householer(marriage and family),retirement(withdrawl to forest at birth of grandchildren),and wandering ascetic(Only for men, total rejection of existence) |
| What was the caste based on Jati? | Set of social distinctions that arose from specific occupations |
| What blended with the varna system to create classical India's unique caste-based society? | Jatis |
| What became the primary cell of India's social life beyond the family and household? | Thousands of Jatis(but each jati was associated with one of the classes of varna) |
| Marriage and eating together was only permitted within? | A. individuals own jati |
| What is karma? | Being born into a particular caste which reflected good or bad deeds of previous life |
| What is dharma? | faithful and selfless performance of one's present caste duties |
| What was a social institution with deep roots in human history? | Slavery |
| What contributed to the growth of slavery? | War, patriarchy, and notion of private property |
| Indian slavery was more___? | Restrained than any other ancient civilization |
| The Greco-Roman world can be described as___? | A slave society |
| Athens had about ___ slaves? | 60,000 |
| The growth of democracy and status as a free person ___? | Made slavery grow on a mass scale |
| Who was the greatest Greek philosopher? | Aristotle |
| What was the defining moment for Roman society? | Slavery |
| Rome had how many slaves in its empire? | 2 to 3 million slaves. 33 to 40 percent of population |
| When was slavery practiced on a the level of the Romans? | Societies of Caribbean, Brazil, and the United Sates |
| Roman slavery was not identified by? | Race |
| Rome regarded slaves as? | barbarians, lazy, unreliable, immoral, prone to thieving |
| What is Latifundia? | Larger estates that produced grain, olive oil, and wine |
| What was more widespread that slavery/ | Inequalities of gender, like those of the class or caste, which shaped the character of classical civilizations |
| Chinese civilization took shape during what dynasty? | Han |
| Yang was? | Viewed as masculine and related to heaven, rulers, strength, rationality, and light |
| Yin was? | The lower feminine principle, associated with earth, subjects, weakness, emotion, and darkness |
| Ban Zhao was? | A Chinese woman writer and court official |
| By the time of the Tang dynasty what has occured? | Writers and artists depicted elite women as capable of handling legal and business affairs on their own and on occasion riding horses and playing polo |
| Who was Empress Wu? | Former high ranking concubine in the imperial court who came to power. Weakened patriarchy |
| Wu consolidated Chinas ___? | Civil service exam for the selection of public officials and actively patronized scholarship and the arts |
| Dao means? | Mother |
| Daoists texts urged? | Traditional feminine virtues of yielding and passive acceptance rather than the male-oriented striving of Confucianism |
| What is a hetaera? | Professional, educated, high class entertainer |
| What are helots? | Conquered neighbors |
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RockHope
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