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APWH Chapter 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What three revoltions challenged and destroyed ancient monarchies and class hierachies? | French, Russian, Chinese |
| What movement attecked slavery? | The abolitionist movement of the 19th century |
| What movement confronted long held patriarchal assumptions about the proper relationship between men and women? | The women's movement |
| Who sought to raise the status of the "untouchables" and what did he refer to them as? | Mahatama Gandhi, referred to them as "children of God" |
| Caste, class, patriarchy, and slavery all remained prominent in which civiliaztions? | "Second Wave" civilzations in Eurasia |
| How did the people inhabiting the classical civiliazations of Eurasia live? | Lived within a political framework of states and or empires |
| Classical civiliazatons of Eurasia lived in defined societies that did what? | Defined realtionships between rich and poor, powerful and powerless, slaves and free people, and men and women |
| Like the First Civilizations, those of the classical era were sharply divided between in what way? | They were too patriarchal, women clearly subordinated to men in most domains of life |
| The Chinese society was unique in the ancient world in what way? | The extent in which it was shaped by the actions of the state |
| What was more apparent about the Chinese civilizaton then any other civilization? | The political power and immense social prestige of Chinese state officials |
| As the Han dynasty established its authority in China its rulers were required to do what? | They were required each province to send men of promise to the capital, there examined for official positions on their performance. |
| Who established an imperial academy where potential officials were trained? | Emperor Wu Di |
| What did the imperial academy or examination system consist of? | Officials were trained as scholars and immersed in Chinese classical texts with an emphasis on Confucian teachings. |
| In later dynasties did the examination system stay the same as in the Han? | Grew to be more elaborate and became a distinguished feature of the Chinese |
| Most officials came from what type of families? | Wealthy families |
| What did wealth in China mean? | Land |
| When the Qin dynasty unified China, most land was held by whom? | Small-scale peasant farmers |
| What caused the small-scale peasant farmers to have to sell their land? | The pressures of population growth, taxation, ad indebtedness |
| Who did the peasant farmers sell their land to? | The wealthier people |
| The Landlord Class refers to whom? | The wealthy class |
| State authorities opposed large land estates for what reasons? | Landlords of large estates were able to avoid taxes, which decreased state revenues and increased taxes for peasants |
| Who is well known for trying to counteract the power of large landowners? | Wang Mang, a high court official of the Han Dynasty. |
| What did Wing Mang to counteract the growing power of large estate landowners? | ordered the great private estates to be nationalized and divided among landless |
| Wing Mang launched some reforms that consisted of what? | Gov loans to peasant families, limits on land a family may own, and an end to private slavery |
| What led to the collapse of Wing Mang's reforms? | Opposition from wealthy landowners, nomadic invasions, poor harvests, floods, and famines |
| What remained a central feature of the Chinese society? | Large landowning families |
| How did the scholar-gentry class live? | Lived luxuriously in multistoried houses, wore the finest silk clothing, had gleaming carriages, private orchestras, and high-stakes gambling. |
| The vast majority of China's civilizations throughout history, has always consisted of? | The peasants |
| What class lived in small households representing two or three generations? | peasants |
| What was the Yellow Turban Rebellion? | A massive peasant uprising remembered by the yellow scarves the peasants wore on their heads |
| The movement which increased to about 360,000 armed followers did what? | Found leaders, organization, and a unifying ideology in a form of Daoism |
| What did the Yellow Turban Rebellion feature? | Supernatural healings, collective trances, and public confessions of sin |
| Th Yellow Turban Rebellion looked forward to what? | "Great Peace" - a golden age of complete equality, social harmony, and common ownership of property. |
| What did the Yellow Turban Rebellion lead to? | devastated the economy, weakened the state, and contributed to the overthrow of the dynasty |
| How did the scholar gentry view the peasants? | peasants were the solid productive backbone of the country and they were worthy of praise |
| How did China view the merchants? | merchants were widely viewed as unproductive, making a shameful profit by selling the works of others |
| Merchants were stereotyped as? | greedy, luxury-loving, and materialistic |
| Why where merchants seen as a social threat | Their ill-gained wealth impoverished others, deprived state revenues, and fostered resentments |
| Early in the Han dynasty merchants were not permitted to do what? | wear silk clothing, ride horses, carry arms, sit for civil service examinations, or hold public office |
| Early in the Han dynasty merchants were not permitted to do what? | wear silk clothing, ride horses, carry arms, sit for civil service examinations, or hold public office |
| How was the Indian society divided? | Divided into four ranked classes known as Varna - Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaisya, and Sudras |
| How was the Indian society divided? | Divided into four ranked classes known as Varna - Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaisya, and Sudras |
| How did the Vaisya class change? | originally commoners who cultivated the land, evolved into business class with prominent place for merchants |
| Later, a class lower than the Sudras emerged know as...? | The untouchables |
| Urban based civilization gave rise to specialized occupations which organized into groups know as? | Jatis |
| Each jati was associated with what? | a particular set of duties, roles, and obligations |
| Jatis support for the idea of inequality lay in what? | The Hindu notions of karma, dharma, and rebirth. |
| Who has the authority to expel members who violated its rules? | each jati |
| After the restrictions tightened more, a jati might be redefined in a higher category by... | acquiring land or wealth, adopting the behaviors of higher caste groups, or by finding some previous overlooked ancestor of a higher caste |
| What provided social security and support for the widows, orphans, and destitute? | the caste system |
| What is a theory as to why slavery emerged in the First civilizations? | domestication of animals provided a model for human slavery |
| Who had some form of slavery? | almost all civilizations |
| In the Aztec Empire children of slaves were considered? | free |
| Slave emancipation was common in what civilizations? | Classical Greece and Rome |
| In what civilization did the poor peasants sell their children into slavery? | China |
| Who were slaves in India? | criminals, debtors, and war captives |
| Slavery played an immense role in which civilization? | Mediterranean/Western Civilization |
| What percent of Athens was enslaved? | 1/3 |
| Who said that some people are "slaves by nature"? | Aristotle |
| Wealthy Romans owned approx. how many slaves? | hundreds or thousands |
| What is one reason people became slaves? | abandoned/exposed children |
| Slavery in the Roman society did lots of work except for? | military service |
| Who had no legal rights? | slaves |
| If a slave murdered their master what happened? | All the victim's slaves were killed |
| To avoid slavery what did war prisoners do? | committed suicide(there were mass cases of suicide) |
| Name one of the rebellions led by slaves | most famous was led by Spartacus in73 B.C.E. |
| What is patriarchy? | men were seen as superior to women |
| In the Han dynasty, elite ideas became more patriarchal and linked to? | Confucianism |
| Woman is subordinated to father, then husband, then son is known as? | the "three obediences" |
| The term yung means? | masculine, superior |
| The term yin means? | feminine, inferior |
| Who was Ban Zhao? | a woman writer who explained that female inferiority reinforced by birth rituals |
| What is one case in which women had rights? | honor given to the mothers of sons |
| What are two changes following the collapse of the Han dynasty? | major signs of weakening patriarchy: Reign of Empress Wu and growing popularity of Daoism provided new women's roles |
| What was one way Athens seen women? | restricted to the home |
| What was Athenian women's role in life? | domestic management and bearing sons |
| Spartan women were encouraged to do what? | to strengthen their bodies for childbearing |
| What was one difference in how Sparta viewed women and Athens viewed them? | greater freedom in Sparta |
| Sparta, unlike Athens, discouraged? | homosexuality |
| Basic changelessness and futility of human life is known as? | Ecclesiastes |
| Basic impermanence of human life is known as? | Buddhism |
| What two things changed in the classical Eurasia civilizations? | emergence of Buddhism and Christianity as universal religions, Greek conquest of the Persian Empire |
| What were three creations of the classical era? | China's scholar-gentry class, India's caste system, slavery largely unquestioned until nineteenth century |
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1213brookisaacs
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