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Chapter 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Scholar gentry class? | A social class that lived luxuriously; multi-storied houses,fine silk clothing, gleaing carriages, etc. |
| Yellow Turbin Rebellion | Group of uprising rebellious peasants that was surpressed by the Han Dynasty military, it weakened the state and devastated the economy. |
| Caste | a term that came from the Portugese word "casta" which means race or purity of blood. |
| Dharma | hope for rebirth in a higher caste rested on the faithful and selfless preformance of one's present caste duties in this life. |
| Karma | being born into a particular caste generally regarded as reflecting the good or bad deads of a previous life. |
| Latifundia | large estates that produced grain, olive oil, and wine. |
| Spartacus | a slave gladiator that led 70 other slaves to freedom. |
| Helots | slaves that Sparta captured and was a permenant threat of rebellion because Helots out numbered Spartas population. |
| Indians still refer the social class today as a...? | caste system |
| What raised the status of the "untouchables" ? | Mahatama Ghandi's struggle of Indian independence in the 20th century. |
| Untouchables are also referred to as...? | Harijan or children of God |
| What did millions of Eurasians live under? | States or empires |
| What established societies did the Eurasians live as? | rich or poor, powerful or powerless, slaves or free people, and men or women. |
| What did social relationships determine? | The daily lives and chances of everyone; the foundation for political authority. |
| How were the second wave civs like the First Civs? | divided by class lines and they were both patriarchal |
| How did the second wave civs and the first wave civs differ? | Chinese, Indian and Mediterranean organized their socail life in numerous ways. |
| How was China unique in the ancient world? | It was shaped by the actions of the bureacrats (state officals) of the empire, which represented by the cultural and social elite. |
| How were the Chinese officals selected? | Each province sent men to the capital where they were examined and chosen for offical positions on the basis of their preformance. |
| Who established an imperial academy? | Emperor Wu Di |
| Who did the academy favor the most? | Men or those who families were wealthy enough to provide the years of education required to pass even the lower level exams. |
| Who supported commoner families that could not afford the exams? | village communities or local landowner |
| How did the system of examination of officals change? | the system grew to be more elaborate and became an enduring and distinguishing feature of Chinese civilization. |
| What are the characteristics of a Senior burearcratic official? | Moved about in carriages, bedecked with robes, ribbona, seals, and headdresses appropriate to their rank. |
| What are the characteristics of a lower officaln who served in the provinces? | polished speeches, cultural sophistication, urban manner, and their political authority. They were often the the makers of Chinese culture. |
| Why did officials ride in carriages and wear robes? | To correspond with their degree of dignity. |
| In China what did being wealthy mean? | It meant that you had a lot of land. |
| What occured after the pressure of population growth, taxation, and indebtness? | The peasants found it necessary to sell thier land to more prosperous neighbors. |
| Why did the state authorities not like the amount of land accumulations? | Because land ownwers didnt have to pay taxes and which decreased the state revenue and increased the tax burden on other peasants. they also sometimes created their own military force that challenged the authority of the emperor. |
| Who tried to counteract the growing power of large landowners? | Wang Mang a high court offical of the Han Dynasty who usurped the emperor's throne in 8 ce. |
| What were Wang Mangs reforms? | Ordered the great private estates to be nationalized and divided up among the landless, gov loans to peasant families, limits on the amount of land a family might own, and an end to private slavery. |
| What lead to the collapse of Wang Mang's reforms and his assassination? | opposition from the wealthy landowners, nomadic invasions, poor harvests, floods, and famines. |
| What was a central feature in Chinese society? | large landowning families. |
| What did the individual families benefit from when landowning was a cental feature in China? | They benefited from the wealth their estates generated and their membership in the power that accompanied their education and their membership in the offical elite. |
| The vast majority of the China's population was...? | Peasants, who lived in small households representing 2 or 3 generations. |
| What did state authorities force peasants to do? | Payment of taxes, demanded a months labor every year on public projects, and young men had to have 2 years of military service. |
| What happened to the peasants during the Han Dynasty? | Many desperate peasants had to sell out their land to large landlords and work as tenants or share croppers on their estates (rent was often 1/2 to 2/3 of the crop) |
| What happened to the peasants that could not afford the renting or sharing of land? | Peasants fled taking to a life of begging or joining a gang of bandits in a remote area. |
| What did the discrimination of the peasants lead to? | A massive peasant uprising known as the Yellow Turban because of the yellow scarves the peasants wore around their heads. |
| What are characteristics of the Yellow Turban? | 360,000 armed followers, by 184 CE found leaders, organization, and an ideology of Daoism. |
| How were peasants viewed in the eyes of the scholar gentry? | Peasants were the solid productive backbone of the country and their hardwork and endurance in the face of difficulties were worthy of praise. |
| How were the merchants viewed in the eyes of the scholar gentry? | unproductive, making a shameful profit from selling the work of others, deprived the state of needed revenues, and fostered resentments. |
| During the Han Dynasty what were the merchants forbidened to do? | wear silk clothing, ride horses, carry arms, sit for civil service exams, or hold public office. |
| Despite the discrimination of the merchants, how were they quite wealthy? | By reaching a higher elite status by purchasing landed estates or educating their sons for the civil service exams. Some merchants had connections with state officals or landlords. |
| What did China's and India's social organization have in common? | birth determined social status, little social mobility was available. |
| What kind of social organization did India have? | A caste system. |
| What is the theory of the first caste system? | Between the light skined Aryan invaders and the darker hued native peoples. |
| What was the central growth of the caste system? | Economic speacialization and culture. |
| What was common in Indian thinking around 500 CE? | the idea that society was divided into 4 ranked classes known as varna. |
| What is the order of the classes from most important to least important? | Brahmins (priests), Kshatriya (warriors and rulers), Vaisya (commoners), Sudras (natives) |
| Why were the social classes eternal and changeless? | Because according to the vedas theory the classes were formed from the body of the god Purusha. |
| Who won in the conflict of who had the highest position of the Brahmins and the Kshatriya? | The Brahmins. |
| What are the characteristics of the lower class under the Sudras? | emerged on the untouchables, the work they did was considered most unclean and polluting; such as cremating corpses, dealing with the skins of dead animals and serving as executioners. |
| What are jatis? | occupationally based groups that blended with the Varna system to create India's unique caste based society. |
| What defined a jati's place in society? | A particular set of duties, rules and obligations. |
| How were the lower caste people discriminated? | They were forbidden to use the same wells, or to enter the temples designated for higher caste people. They were sometimes ordered to were a wooden clapper to warn others of their approach. |
| What did the jati have an authority to do? | To expel members who violated its rules. |
| As a jati how could you raise your social status? | By aquiring land or wealth, by adopting the behaviors of higher caste groups, by finding a previous ancestor of a higher caste. |
| How did India's social system differ from China's? | It gave priority to religious status and ritual purity (the Brahmins),China elevated political officials to the highest position. India's caste system divided Indians into many groups where as China had fewer but broader categories of society. |
| Why did India seldom experience an empire like China did? | Because of the localization. |
| What were some functions of a caste? | Accomidated the migrating and invading people who entered the subcontinent. |
| What did one scholar suggest was the model for enslaving people? | The domestication of animals. |
| What contributed to the growth of slavery? | war, patricarchy,and the notion of private property |
| Why were women suggested as the first slaves? | In patriarchal societies women were often owned by men. |
| What were the dutites of most slaves? | working for the state in high positions, preforming domestic duties in their owner's household, and toiling in fields or mines in large work gangs. |
| What were most slaves in China? | convicted criminals and their families. |
| What kind of protection did India provide for the slaves? | Owners had to provide adequately for their slaves and forbidden to abandon them in old age. |
| In India what did they allow slaves to do? | inherit and own property and earn money in their spare time, slaves could buy their own freedom. |
| Greece had a different idea of slavery, what was it? | besides providing domestic work, slaves also had to provide sexual services. |
| Once slaves were free they still could not...? | own land or marry citizens, and they had to pay a special tax. |
| How many slaves did the Roman Empire have? | 2 to 3 million |
| How many slaves could a wealthy Roman own? | hundreds or even thousands |
| How was Roman slavery identified? | Slaves in Rome were an enormous diversity of people |
| What are barbarians? | lazy, unreliable, immoral, prone to theiving people. |
| How did Christians view slavery? | slavery was God's punishment of sin. |
| What did slaves also provide in Rome? | manpower for the state bureaucracy, maintained temples and shrines, and kept Rome's water supply functioning, also served as gladiators. |
| What is the Rebellion of Spartacus? | Started out as an uprising of freeing 70 slaves that led to 120,000 slaves that for 2 years that set Italy ablaze. |
| Since mles were dominant, what roles did they have? | Men had legal and property rights, they could marry more than 1 woman, and they had the right over social and sexual lives of the wives, daughters, and sisters. |
| What were the roles of women? | Their roles were being productive and reproductive. Their roles involved domestic settings. |
| What made the gender system (patriarchy) change? | New ag technologies, rise/decline of powerful states, world religions, interaction w/ culturally different people. |
| What were upper class women limited to? | the home and the management of servants. |
| What were the lower class women required to do? | work in the fields, shop in the streets, or to serve on the homes of their social superiors. |
| What does yin yang mean? | Yin-lower feminine associated with earth, subjects, weakness, emotions, and darkness. Yang-viewed as masculine, related to heaven, rulers, strength, rationality, and light. |
| What are the three obediences? | A woman's subordination first to her father, then to her husband, and finally her son. |
| Who was allowed to excercise political authority in China? | Wives, concubines, or widows. |
| Who and why did the males blame the collapse or a natural disaster of a dynasty on? | Women because of their disruptive and unnatural influence on politcal affairs. |
| What loosened the the strict patriarchy in China? | The collapse of the Han Dynasty, the religion of Daoism & Buddhism and pastoral and nomadic people invading northern China's small states. |
| Who is Emperor Wu? | a former highranking concubine who was the first woman ever to rule in China. |
| What were the characteristics of women in Athens? | No role in assembly, councils, or the juries. they had to be represented by a guardian and court did not even refer them by their name. |
| What did Aristotle compare women to? | children or domesticated animals |
| Who was Aspasia? | She was born in a wealthy greek family who educated their daughters who offered little opp. for achievement to the female pop. |
| What is a hetaera? | a professional, educated, high class entertainer and sexual companion. |
| What is the ideal Spartan man? | a warrior, skilled in battle, able to endure hardships and willing to die for his city. |
| What were women's central task in Sparta? | reproduction-bearing warrior sons for Sparta. |
| What did girls do in Sparta? | running, wrestling, throwing the discus/javelin, and driving chariots. |
| What were some of continuties the classical era? | China's scholar gentry, India's caste based social structure, slavery, patriarchy, |
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1213meganhouk
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