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Fund of body ch 12
The Endocrine System chapter 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete their hormones directly into the | bloodstream |
| Hormones are chemical | catalysts |
| A chemical catalyst causes a | reaction to occur |
| Hormones help maintain the body's internal environment within certain narrow ranges. This balanciing act is called | homeostatis |
| The pituitary gland is located at the | base of the brain |
| The pituitary is the size of a | pea |
| The pituitary gland is AKA | hypophysis or master gland |
| It is called the master gland because | its hormones control the functions of many other endocrine glands |
| Even though the pituitary is called the "master gland" it is controlled by the | hypothalamus |
| The pituitary gland is divided into two sections called the | anterior and posterior lobes |
| The anterior lobe produces | 1.GH growth hormone 2.TSH(T7)-Thyroid Stimulating Hormone AKA thyrotropin 3.ATCH-AdrenoCorticoTropic hormone 4.MSH-Melanocyte Stimulation Hormone 5.FSH-Follicle Stimulating Hormone 6.LH-Luteinizing Hormone 7.Lactogenic hormone AKA prolactin |
| GH(growth hormone) stimulates cell metabolism causing | cells to divide(replicate) and increase in size (changes you from a child to an adult) |
| Significant amounts of GH is secreted until age | 20 |
| Insufficient amounts of GH(growth hormone) can cause | dwarfism |
| A synthetic GH(growth hormone) is called | Humatrope(somatropin) |
| Excessive amounts of GH(Growth hormone) can cause | giantism |
| -tropin means | I come from the pituitary gland |
| TSH(T7) thyroid stimulating hormone(thyrotropin) stimulates the | thyroid to produce its hormones |
| ACTH- AdrenoCorticoTropic hormone stimulates the | adrenal gland to produce their hormones |
| MSH - melanocyte stimulation hormone stimulates the melanocytes to produce | melanin(skin pigment) |
| A hereditary disorder characterized by an absence of melanin is called | albinism |
| FSH - follicle stimulating hormone stimulates the | a.Ovaries to start the maturation process of a follicle(oocyte/egg cell) into an ovum(egg) b.Testes to create spermatozoa(spermatogenesis) |
| LH - luteinizing hormone stimulates | a.Ovulation b.The production of progesterone to maintain pregnancy c.Production of testosterone in males |
| Lactogenic (prolactin) hormone stimulates the production of | milk(lactation) |
| The posterior lobe of the pituitary produces: | 1.ADH -stands for AntiDiuretic Hormone AKA vasopressin 2.OT - OxyTocin stimulates the uterus to contract during labor//synthetic oxytocin is called Pitocin("Pit drip") |
| ADH -AntiDiuretic hormone influences the volume of | urine produced |
| Insufficient production of ADH(AntiDiuretic Hormone) is called | Diabetes Insipidus(DI) / synthetic ADH is called Pitressin(vasopressin) |
| Oxytocin is also known as the | binding hormone (binding refers to male-female and mother-neonate bonding) |
| The thyroid gland is located on the right and left sides of the | trachea(windpipe) just inferior to the larynx(voice box/vocal cords) |
| The thyroid produces the following hormones: | 1.T4 AKA thyroxine 2.T3 AKA triiodothyronine 3.Calcitonin |
| T3 and T4 are both commonly referred to as | thyroxine |
| T3 & T4 are responsible for the regulation of | carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism |
| Metabolism refers to the rate at which the body | utilizes(burns) energy |
| Hyperthyroidism (produces too much T3&T4/thyroxine) is called | Grave's disease |
| Hypothyroidism (produces too little T3&T4/thyroxine) is called | myxedema |
| A synthetic thyroxine is called | Synthroid(levothyroxine) (given to myxedema/ hypothyroidism patients) |
| Calcitonin is released when the | blood calcium levels rise |
| Calcitonin causes the deposit of | Calcium(Ca) and Phosphorus(P) in the bones |
| The parathyroid glands are located | embedded in the posterior(behind) surface of the thyroid gland |
| The parathyroid glands are the size of | raisins |
| The parathyroid glands secrete | ParaThyroid Hormone(PTH) AKA parathormone |
| PTH (ParaThyroid Hormone) causes osteocytes(bone cells) to | released stored Calcium(Ca) and Phosphorus(P) into the blood |
| Release of PTH(ParaThyroid Hormone) will occur when | serum Ca (calcium) levels fall |
| The adrenal glands are located just superior to the | kidneys |
| The adrenal glands are AKA | suprarental glands |
| The inner portion of the adrenal glands is called the | adrenal medulla(inner/middle) |
| The outer portion of the adrenal glands is called the | adrenal cortex(outer) |
| The adrenal medulla produces: | Adrenalin AKA epinephrine |
| Adrenalin(epinephrine) contributes to the | "fight or flight" response |
| The fight or flight response includes: | 1.the breakdown of glycogen(released from liver) to glucose 2.Tachycardia(fast heart) 3.Tachypnea(fast breathing) 4.Bronchodilation 5.Hypertension(high blood pressure) 6.Pallor (paleness) |
| The adrenal cortex(outer) produces | 1.Aldosterone 2.Cortisol (hydrocortisone) AKA steroids(Corticosteroids) |
| Anabolic steroids, the type used by athletes, are synthetic versions of | testosterone |
| Conditions associated with anabolic steroid use includes: | 1. Sudden Death (MI-myocardial infarction/heart attack, CVA-cerebral vascular accident/stroke 2. Liver cancer 3. Aggressiveness ("roid rage") |
| Aldosterone regulates the balance of | electrolytes ("lytes") |
| Electrolytes (salts) include: | 1.Sodium(Na) 2.Potassium(K) 3.Chloride(Cl) 4.Calcium(Ca)-mineral salts 5.Phosphorus(P)-mineral salts |
| The actions of cortisol(hydrocortisone) include: | 1.Maintain proper glucose concentration in the blood between meals. 2.Helps reduce the inflamatory response 3.Aids the body with stressful situations |
| Hypersecretion of cortisol is called | Cushing's disease - produce to much testosterone |
| Hyposecretion of cortisol is called | Addison's desease - produce to little testosterone |
| A synthetic cortisol is called | cortisone |
| The pancreas is located posterior to the | stomach(retrogastric) |
| The purpose of the pancreas includes the production of | INSULIN & GLUCAGON |
| Insulin is secreted when the | Blood Sugar(BS) rises after eating a meal |
| The insulin allows the glucose(BS blood sugar) to | enter the cells |
| When the glucose enters the cells the blood sugar(BS) level will | fall |
| When the blood sugar(BS) falls too low the pancreas will secrete | glucagon |
| Glucagon will stimulate the | liver to convert glycogen to glucose |
| the pancreas's cycle is | glucagon turns glycogen(liver) into glucose |
| The stimulating of the liver to convert glycogen to glucose will cause the | glucose(BS-blood sugar) to rise |
| A normal Blood Sugar(BS) is | 1. 70-130 mg/dL before meals(a.c.) 2. Less then 180 mg 2 hours after meals(p.c.) |
| Hyposecretion of insulin and/or the difficult utilization of glycose(insulin resistance) by the cells is called | diabetes mellitus(DM) |
| A synthetic insulin is called | Humulin(insulin) |
| Medications designed to stimulate the pancrease to produce more insulin or aid the cells in glucose(BS) utilization are called | oral hypoglycemics(antidiabetes) |
| Risk factors for Diabetes Mellitus(DM) include: | Heredity**Obesity**Over consumption of refined sugars**Over consumption of food**Sedentary lifestyle**Gestational(pregnancy) Diabetes Mellitus(DM)**African American, Native American**Hispanic**Asian American**Chronic Hypertention(HTN-high blood pressure) |
| Diabetes mellitus(DM)that develops in children is called | juvenile onset diabetes mellitus(DM) or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus(IDDM) or type I diabetes mellitus(DM) |
| Type 1 diabetes mellits(DM) is the most serious form of diabetes mellitus (DM) and requires: | 1.Daily injections of insulin 2.Strict diet control 3.Regimented(regular) exercise |
| Diabetes mellitus(DM) that develops in adulthood is called | maturity onset diabetes mellitus(DM) or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM) or type II diabetes mellitus(DM) |
| This type of diabetes mellitus(DM) is less severe and can often be controlled by | proper diet alone or proper diet and oral hypoglycemics (antidiabetics) such as Diabenese or Glucophage |
| Oral hypoglycemics (antidiabetics) stimulate the pancreas to | secrete more insulin and/or allows the cells to utilize glucose(BS) more efficiently |
| Signs & symptoms of diabetes mellitus(DM) include: | **Polyuria(excessive urination)**Glycosuria(sugar in the urine)**Polydipsia(excessive thirst)**Ketonuria(Ketones (burn fat) in the urine**Weight loss**Fatigue**Poor wound healing |
| Complications of diabetes mellitus(DM) include | Atherosclerosis leading to myocardial infarction(MI)*cerebral vascular accident(CVA)*occlusion of a leg artery resulting in gangrene*Diabetes retinopathy(DR) blindness*Neuropathy causing pain-tingling-loss of feeling/paralysis*kidney failure* Impotence/ED |
| ED stands for | erectile dysfunction |
| Treatment(Tx) for diabetes mellitus(DM) includes: | *Strict diet based on number of calories per day divided into proper portions of carbohydrates, fats & proteins*Correct dosages of insulin based on Self Blood Glucose Monitorin(SBGM) |
| Tx for diabetes mellitus(DM) con't | Regular exercise because diet intake & insulin(Humulin) dosage are based on the metabolic needs of the individual |
| Diet, insulin, or exercise cannot be altered without creating an | insulin excess or deficiency |
| Diabetic coma (elevated BS/blood sugar) can result when a diabetic | 1.Fails to take enough insulin 2.Increases caloric intake(eating more then you should) 3.Decreases exercise |
| Signs & symptoms of diabetic coma(blood sugar to high) include: | 1.Deep labored breathing 2.Dry skin & mouth 3.Fruity smell to breath 4.Lethargy(mental sluggishness) 5.Loss of consciousness(LOC) and coma |
| Treatment(Tx) of diabetic coma includes: | administration of insulin and hydration |
| Insulin shock(deficient BS/blood sugar) results when a diabetic | 1.Administers too much insulin 2.Does not eat enough food 3.Exercises excessively |
| Signs & symptoms of insulin shock(BS to low) include: | 1.Shallow breathing 2.Diaphoresis(profuse sweating) 3.Syncope(fainting) 4.Loss of consciousness(LOC) and coma |
| Tx for insulin shock includes | administration of sugar in any form |
| To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions: | *Follow prescribed diet exactly*Take prescribed insulin or hypoglycemics as directed*Monitor BS(blood sugar) every day *Follow daily exercise regiment*always wear feet protection to prevent injury from stubbing, fire ants, sand spurs, etc. |
| To prevent potentially dangerous medical emergencies, diabetics should take the following precautions continued: | *Have a podiatrist take care of ANY foot needs IMMEDIATELY-clipping nails, corns,bunions,calluses,wounds to prevent accidental injury*Medical alert bracelet/ necklace worn always*Always check temp.of bathwater before stepping in bath to prevent scalding |
| Even a small wound to a diabetic's feet can result in uncontrolled infection due to poor wound healing & can eventually lead to putrefaction(gangrene)and | amputation of the extremity |
| Diabetics that have DIFFICULTY controlling their blood sugar(BS) are called | "brittle diabetics" |
| Other risk factors for Diabetes Mellitus(DM) include: | 1.Highly irregular menses 2.More than 40 days between cycles 3.A waist size <40 inches in men & >35 inches in women |
| Some studies indicate that type II diabetes mellitus(DM) can double the risk of | Alzheimer's disease(AD) |
| GTT stands for(diabetes test) | Glucose Tolerance Test |
| PPBS stands for(diabetes test) | PostPrandial (after meals) Blood Sugar(BS) |
| FBS(diabetes test) | Fasting Blood Sugar |
| Ale(HbAlc) provides(new diabetes test) | an average of your BS(blood sugar) control over a 6 to 12 week period |
| Fructosamine test(new diabetes tests) | measures average glucose levels over the past 3 weeks |
| PBI (thyroid function test) | Protein Bound Iodine |
| RAIU(thyroid function test) | RadioActive Iodine Uptake Test |
| HCG | Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (serum and urine pregnancy test) |
Created by:
pattiluv
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