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Chp. 6 AP World
Eurasian Social Hierarchies
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Social structures questioned in past 250 years? | caste, class, patriarchy, slavery |
| What did inhabitants of classical Eurasia live within? | political framework of states and empires |
| Where did ideas, religions, and values derive from? | local folkways and the teachings of religious or cultural traditions of their civilizations |
| Defined relationships within established society? | rich and poor, powerful and powerless, slaves and free people, men and women |
| Effect of social relationships and what justified/challenged them? | shaped daily lives and life chances of everyone; religious and cultural traditions of civilizations |
| Similarities of 1st and 2nd wave civs? | sharp divide among social classes, patriarchal, |
| How was Chinese society unique? | shaped by actions of state |
| Who represented the cultural and social elite of Chinese civilization? | Chinese state officials |
| About Chinese state official class? | had political power and immense social prestige, bureaucrats acting in name of emperor in capital and provinces |
| Origins of state officials? | originated in efforts of early rulers to find administrators loyal to central state rather than families or regions |
| What did Han dynasty require of each province? | send men of promise to capital, were examined and chosen for official positions based on performance |
| What did system of selecting officials evolve into? | world's first professional civil service |
| What was was the reason for the academy Emperor Wu Di established? | to train potential officials as scholars and immerse them in Chinese classical texts dealing with history, literature, art, and mathematics |
| What were the students of the academy and various private schools subjected to? | a series of written examinations to select officials of various grades |
| Even though the examination system was open to all men, what class did it favor? | wealthy class, had enough money to provide years of education needed to pass even the lower level class |
| How might a commoner get education needed to pass exams? | sponsorship by village communities or local land owners |
| What did examination system provide? | modest measure of social ability in otherwise hierarchical society |
| What did exam system grow to be? | enduring and distinguishing feature of Chinese civilization |
| In China wealth equals? | land |
| When Qin dynasty reunified China most land was held by? | small scale peasant farmers |
| Why were peasants forced to sell land? | pressures of population growth, taxation and indebtedness |
| How did landlords acquire land? | bought from impoverished peasants |
| Why were landlords opposed by state authorities? | avoided taxes creating heavier burden on peasants, could mount military force and challenge authority of emperor |
| Who was one of the most dramatic state efforts to counteract landowners power? | Wang Mang |
| Wang Mang's reforms? | private states nationalized and divided among landless, government loans to peasant families, limit on amount of land owned, end to private slavery |
| As a class, from what did large landowning families benefit? | wealth that state generated and membership in official elite |
| Another name for large landowning class? | scholar-gentry class |
| Vast majority of China's population? | peasants |
| What made peasant's lives vulnerable? | nature, the state, and landlords |
| During what dynasty did a large number of peasants have to sell out to large landlords? | Han dynasty |
| Where did the Yellow Turban Rebellion arise from? | bands of peasants joining together as floods along the Yellow River |
| Where did the Yellow Turban Rebellion get its name? | peasants wore yellow scarves around their heads |
| What ideology did the Yellow Turban Rebellion movement follow? | Daoism |
| What was the "Great Peace" that the Yellow Turban Rebellion looked towards? | golden age of complete equality, social harmony, and common ownership of property |
| What were the effects of the Yellow Turban Rebellion and other peasant upheavals on the Han dynasty? | devastated economy, weakened state, contributed to overthrow of dynasty |
| What registered the sharp class antagonisms of Chinese society and led to the collapse of more than one ruling dynasty? | peasant movements, often expressed in religious terms |
| How were peasants seen in the eyes of the scholar gentry? | solid productive backbone of country, hard work and endurance worthy of praise |
| How were merchants seen in the eyes of the scholar gentry? | unproductive, making shameful profit from selling work of others, social threat |
| What did the views of merchants result in? | periodic efforts by state authorities to rein in merchant activity and keep them under control |
| What features did India's social organization share with China? | birth determined social status, little social mobility available, sharp distinctions and inequalities characterized social life, religious or cultural traditions defined inequalities as natural, eternal, or ordained by gods |
| What did classical India's social system grow out of? | interaction of culturally different peoples on South Asian peninsula, development of economic and social differences |
| Varna? | idea that society was divided into four ranked classes, classes were called varna |
| Order of hierarchical society? | Brahmins, Kshatriya (warriors/soldiers), Vaisya (commoners), Sudras (subordinates) |
| What were four classes formed from? | body of god Purusha, eternal and changeless |
| What did Vaisya varna evolve into? | business class with prominent place for merchants |
| What did Sudra varna become | peasant farmers |
| What as new class that developed under Sudras? | untouchables; did work considered as unclean and polluting |
| Jati? | occupationally based groups |
| What did jatis become? | primary cell of India's social life beyond family or household |
| What were each of them associated with? | one of the great classes (varnas) |
| What made Indian society so different from other societies? | many separate, distinct, and hierarchically ranked social groups |
| Ideas that and justified social system? | ritual purity and pollution applied to caste groups; karma, dharma, and rebirth |
| What did being born into a particular class reflect? | good or bad deeds of a previous life |
| Hope for rebirth into higher caste rested on? | faithful and selfless performance of one's present caste duties in this life |
| How could one's jati be redefined into a higher category? | acquiring land or wealth, adopting behaviors of higher caste group, finding previous overlooked "ancestor" of a higher caste |
| Because caste (jati) was local phenomenon, what did it result in? | focused loyalties of most people on a restricted territory and weakened appeal or authority of larger all-Indian states |
| Reason why India seldom experienced empire that covered all of the subcontinent? | localization |
| What provided substitute for state as an integrative mechanism for Indian civilization? | caste system and shared culture of Hinduism |
| What did caste offer? | distinct and socially recognized place for everyone |
| How did jatis provide a moderate measure of social security and support? | looked after widows, orphans, and the destitute |
| What did caste represent? | means of accommodating migrating or invading peoples who entered subcontinent |
| What did cellular, or honeycomb structure of caste society allow? | various peoples,cultures, and traditions to find a place within a larger Indian civilization while retaining something of their unique identity |
| What did India's caste system facilitate? | exploitations of the poor by the wealthy and powerful |
| What did one scholar suggest provided a model for enslaving people? | domestication of animals |
| What contributed to growth of slavery? | war, patriarchy, and notion of private property |
| What also made it possible to imagine people owning people? | class inequalities of early civilizations |
| Slavery generally meant? | ownership by master, possibility of being sold, working without pay, "outsider" status at bottom of social hierarchy |
| Why was slavery considered a kind of "social Death"? | slaves usually lacked any rights or independent personal identity by the larger society |
| In classical Greece and Rome, how might a slave be emancipated? | generosity or religious conviction of owner, to avoid caring for them in old age, allowing slaves to purchase freedom with their own funds |
| How were children of slaves viewed in different societies? | inherited status of parents, considered free people |
| In what civilization was slavery considered a minor element? | China |
| Who were the earliest slaves in China? | convicted criminals and families, impoverished or indebted peasants sold children into slavery |
| In India what provided protection for slaves? | religious writings and secular law |
| What suggested that Indian slavery was more restrained? | owners had to provide adequately, forbidden to abandon in old age; slaves could inherit and own property,earn money in spare time; masters who raped slaves had to set free and pay compensation; law encouraged owners to free slaves, buy own freedom |
| What world described as slave society | Greco-Roman |
| In Athens, what defined and accompanied democracy and status of a free person? | simultaneous growth of slavery on a mass scale |
| What notion did Aristotle develop about slavery? | people "slaves by nature", should be enslaved for own good and for that of the larger society |
| Even after granted freedom, what were restrictions on slaves? | did not become citizen or gain political rights, could not own land or marry citizens, in Athens had to pay special tax |
| Not until which modern slave societies was slavery practiced on such an enormous scale like that in Rome? | Caribbean, Brazil, southern United States |
| In owning slaves what did people of Rome do? | confirmed position as free people, demonstrated social status, expressed ability to exercise power |
| Who were the vast majority of Roman slaves? | prisoners captured in wars that accompanied creation of empire |
| How did Pirates furnish slaves? | kidnapped them and sold them to Roman slave traders on island of Delos |
| Slaves also came from where? | networks of long-distance commerce extending to Black Sea, East African coast, and northwestern Europe; natural reproduction of slaves; abandoned or exposed children |
| Roman slavery was not identified with? | a race or ethnicity |
| Romans regarded slaves as? | "barbarians" - lazy, unreliable, immoral, prone to thieving; came to think certain people as slaves - Asiatic Greeks, Syrians, Jews |
| Why did Christianity do little to undermine slavery? | Christian teachings held that slaves should be "submissive to masters with all fear, not only to the good and gentle, but also to the harsh" |
| Slavery embedded in? | religious thinking and social outlook of elite Romans |
| Only occupation off limits to slavery was? | military service |
| Distinction between jobs for slaves and jobs for free people? | none |
| Where did slaves provide much of the labor force? | in rural areas on huge estates, latifundia, which produced grain, olive oil, and wine |
| What were slave owners in Roman empire supposed to provide? | necessities of life to their slaves |
| Slave could not legally? | marry, accumulate money or possessions |
| What happened to if a slave murdered their master? | all of the victim's slaves were killed |
| How did Roman slaves respond to enslavement? | did what they had to do to survive, commit mass suicide, resorted to "weapons of the weak", escaping |
| Fleeing to anonymous crowds led owners to do what? | post notices asking for information about their runaway |
| What made masters aware of the dangers of owning slaves? | occasional murder of owners |
| Who led the most famous slave uprising? | Spartacus |
| What did the slaves do to their owners in the reversal of roles? | crucified them, set them to fight one another gladiator style |
| After a series of military victories what did the movement do? | split and succumbed to Roman legions; terrible vengeance, some 6000 rebel slaves nailed to crosses along Appian Way |
| Nothing on the scale of the Spartacus rebellion occurred again until which revolution? | Haitian Revolution |
| What did the Haitian rebels seek? | creation of a new society free of slavery |
| What did slavery rebellions create? | perpetual fear in the minds of owners |
| Division of human society the had the greatest significance for the lives of individuals? | male and female |
| Since the emergence of the First Civilizations, genders systems have been? | patriarchal, men dominating women in the family and society |
| Men regarded as ... and sons preferred ...? | superior to women, over daughters |
| Public life was? | male domain |
| A women's role was? | productive and reproductive in a domestic setting |
| What developments generated significant change in gender systems? | new agricultural technologies, rise or decline of powerful states, incorporation of world religions, interaction with culturally different peoples? |
| In what society were restrictions on women sharper? | classical civilizations |
| What to things interacted to generate a more restricted life for upper-class women? | gender and class |
| What were upper-class women limited to? | home and management of servants |
| How were lower-class women different from upper-class women? | lower-class women had a somewhat freer but more burdensome life, economic necessity required them to work in fields, shop in streets, or to serve in homes of social superiors |
| As the Chinese civilization took shape during the Han dynasty, elite think about the gender issue became more what? | explicitly patriarchal, more clearly defined, and linked to an emerging Confucianism |
| How were long established patterns of thinking in terms of pairs and opposites now described? | gendered and unequal terms |
| Superior principle yang? | masculine, related to heaven, rulers, strength, light |
| Lower feminine principal yin? | earth, subjects, weakness, emotion, darkness |
| What summarized the ideal position of women? | two notions in various Confucius texts |
| "Men go out, women stay in"? | emphasized public and political roles of men in contrast to domestic and private roles of women |
| "three obediences"? | emphasized women's subordination first to father, then to husband, then to son |
| What did Ban Zhao write? | Lessons for Women |
| Three customs when a baby girl was born? | placed below the bed "lowly and weak" and "humble herself to others", piece of broken pottery to play with "her primary duty was to be industrious", announced to ancestors "continuation of ancestor worship in home" |
| Which women were particularly allowed on occasion to exercise considerable political authority? | wives, concubines, or widows od=f emperors |
| What did women with authority provoke? | anti-female hostility on the part of male officials, who often blamed collapse of dynasty on influence of women in political affairs |
| How did some writers praise women of virtue? | wise counselors to husbands, fathers, rulers, and depicted them positively as active agents |
| Why were women accorded honor for being a mother of sons? | role in producing next generation of male heirs to carry on her husband's lineage |
| Where was a women able to exercise significant authority? | when her sons married she became mother-in-law |
| What gave women some leverage in their marriage? | upper-class women often brought with her a considerable dowry, which was regarded as her own property |
| Changes in China following collapse of Han Dynasty? | centralized government vanished, Confucianism discredited, Daoism and Buddhism bigger following, pastoral/nomadic people invaded |
| What did the new conditions after the fall of the Han dynasty result in? | loosening of the strict patriarchy |
| How were the women of the nomadic peoples different than the women in China? | nomadic women far less restricted |
| How did writers and artists depict elite women during the Tang dynasty? | capable of handling business and legal affairs on their own and on occasion riding horses and playing polo, barehanded and wearing men's clothing |
| What did Tang legal codes recognize as a married daughter's right? | to inherit property from her family of birth |
| Sign of weakening patriarchy and cause of distress among advocates of Confucianism orthodoxy? | Empress Wu |
| Empress Wu? | former high ranking concubine in the imperial court, who came to power amid much palace intrigue, was only women ever to rule in China with title of emperor |
| Empress Wu governing? | despotically, consolidated China's civil service examination system, actively patronized scholarship and the arts |
| What were some of Empress Wu's actions that seem deliberately designed to elevate position of women? | commissioned biographies of famous women, decreed mourning period of mothers equal that of fathers, ordered creation of Chinese character for "human being" suggested process of birth flowing from one women without prominent male role |
| Describe Empress Wu's reign. | brief and unrepeated |
| What did the growing popularity of Daoism provide? | new images of the feminine and new roles for women |
| Dao? | mother |
| What did Daoist texts urge? | traditionally feminine virtues of yielding and passive acceptance rather than the male-oriented striving of Confucianism |
| How did Daoist sects often feature women? | priests, nuns, or reclusive meditators, able to receive cosmic truth and use it for the benefit of others |
| How was Athens posture toward women? | negative and restrictive |
| What did women in Athens have no role in? | assembly, councils, or juries |
| How were women in Athens treated in a legal manner? | the had to be represented by a guardian and were referred to as someone's wife or mother |
| What did Greek thinkers, especially Aristotle, provide regarding women? | a set of ideas that justified women's exclusion from public life and their general subordination to men |
| According to Aristotle why are women female? | a women is an infertile male, that inadequacy makes her female |
| What is the inadequacy that Aristotle talks about? | a women is unable to produce sperm, which contains the "form" or "soul" of a new human being |
| What is a women's role in the reproductive process? | passive, providing a receptacle for the vital male contribution |
| Who were Athenian women usually married to and at what age? | married in their mid-teens to men ten to fifteen years older than themselves |
| What was a women's main function when married? | management of domestic affairs and the production of sons who would become citizens |
| Expectations of sons and daughters? | sons were to become literate, while daughters learned spinning, weaving, and other household tasks |
| By law, what were women forbidden to do? | buy or sell land and could negotiate contracts only if the sum involved was valued at less than a bushel of barley |
| Aspasia? | born to wealthy family, went to Athens, foreign birth gave her more freedom, attracted attention of Pericles and lived as husband and wife |
| Foreign birth and apparent influence on Pericles provoked critics to suggest what about Aspasia? | hetaera: professional, educated, high-class entertainer and sexual companion |
| How did Sparta solve the problem of feeding a growing population? | conquered their immediate neighbors and reduced them to a status of permanent servitude (helots) |
| How did the helots produce a threat of rebellion? | they far outnumbered the free citizens |
| How did Sparta solve the problem of a helot rebellion? | militaristic regime, constantly ready for war |
| How did Sparta maintain this militaristic system? | all boys removed form families at 7 to be trained by state at military camps, where they learned ways of war, remained until age of thirty |
| What was the ideal Spartan male? | warrior, skilled in battle, able to endure hardship, willing to die for his city |
| In militaristic and undemocratic system had implications for women that? | offered more freedom and fewer restrictions |
| Central task of women in Sparta? | reproduction-bearing warrior sons for Sparta |
| What were girls encouraged to do to strengthen their bodies for childbearing? | take part in sporting events - running, wrestling, etc. |
| Female education in Sparta was? | prescribed by the state and required newly married women to cut their hair short |
| Who did Spartan young women usually marry? | men of their own age, about 18, more equal basis |
| Why did marriage begin as a trial period? | to make sure the couple could reproduce and if not divorce and remarriage available |
| Why did women exercise much more authority in households in Sparta? | men were often away at war |
| Why did the freedom of Spartan women appall other Greeks? | believed that it undermined good order and state authority |
| What did the clothing of Spartan women give to them that seemed immodest to other Greeks? | freedom of movement |
| In what way may have Sparta been stricter that Athens? | prohibition of homosexuality |
| Elsewhere how were homoerotic relationships viewed? | culturally approved and fairly common |
| How did ancient Greeks view sexual choice? | casually and as a matter of taste |
| Why was Sparta clearly a patriarchy? | women served as breeding machines for its military system and lacked any formal role in public life |
| Why did the joint efforts of men and women seem necessary? | to maintain a huge class of helots in permanent subjugation |
| What was death in childbirth considered? | the equivalent to death in battle |
| In Athens, what were the growing freedom and democracy associated with | strengthening of the male-dominated, property-owning household, and within that household men were expected to exercise authority |
| Exercising that authority required what? | increasingly severe limitations and restrictions on the lives of women |
| What was Athens celebrated for and what did it offer to women? | its democracy and philosophical rationalism, offered little to women |
| Sparta was condemned for what and what did it provide its women? | militarism and virtual enslavement of helots, somewhat wider scope for the free women of the city |
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1213hannahhillard
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