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Question: body system that includes internal organs that hormonesAnswer: system Question: endocrine system influences __ by means of hormonesAnswer: metabolic Question: steroidal or amino acid–based molecules released to the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body Answer: Question: binding of hormones to cellular receptors initiates responses that typically occur after __ __ of or even daysAnswer: lag Question: once initiated to hormone receptor sites tends to be much __ __ than those induced by nervous systemAnswer: more Question: reproduction; growth & development; maintenance of electrolyte, water, & nutrient balance of ; regulation of cellular metabolism & energy balance; & mobilization of body defensesAnswer: major processes controlled & integrated by system Question: endocrine system orchestrates processes that go on Answer: relatively long or even continuously Question: scientific study of hormones & organsAnswer: endocrinology Question: compared with other organs of the body the glands areAnswer: & unimpressive Question: endocrine organs are not __ __ in the Answer: grouped Question: organs are __ __ throughout the bodyAnswer: scattered Question: glands are also calledAnswer: ductless Question: endocrine glands their hormones intoAnswer: tissue fluid Question: Answer: endo- Question: to Answer: -crine Question: endocrine glands have __ vascular & drainage that receives their hormonesAnswer: rich Question: most of hormone-producing cells in endocrine glands are arranged in __ & __ Answer: cords; Question: & branching networks are a situation that __ contact between endocrine glands & capillaries surrounding themAnswer: Question: includes pituitary, thyroid, , adrenal, & pineal glandsAnswer: endocrine Question: considered a organ because, along with its neural functions, it produces & releases hormonesAnswer: Question: pancreas, gonads, & , along with performing other functions,Answer: endocrine tissue Question: endocrine of adipose cells releaseAnswer: leptin Question: endocrine function of thymus is Answer: hormones Question: are found in of small intestine, stomach, kidneys, & heartAnswer: hormone-producing Question: hormones are long-distance signals that travel in __ throughout the bodyAnswer: /lymph Question: chemicals that their effects on same cells that secrete themAnswer: autocrines Question: also act locally but cell types other than those releasing the chemicalsAnswer: Question: prostaglandins released by smooth muscle cells cause those smooth muscle cells to contract making it a(n)Answer: autocrine Question: released by one population of pancreatic cells inhibits release of by a different population of pancreatic cells making it a(n)Answer: paracrine Question: synthesize hormones identical to those made in endocrine glands in excess/uncontrolled fashion leading to problems due to hormone-mediated pathologyAnswer: certain tumor , such as lung/pancreatic cancer Question: most hormones are __ __ Answer: acid Question: simple amino acid Answer: & thyroxine Question: short chains of acidsAnswer: Question: long polymers of acidsAnswer: Question: group of chemical substances including certain hormones & cholesterol; fat & contain little oxygenAnswer: Question: only gonadal & adrenocortical areAnswer: steroids Question: biologically active lipids are released by nearly all cell membranes; includes & prostaglandinsAnswer: Question: signaling chemicals that mediate & some allergic reactionsAnswer: leukotrienes Question: have multiple targets & effects, ranging from raising blood pressure & increasing expulsive uterine contraction of birth to enhancing clotting, pain, & inflammationAnswer: Question: because effects of eicosanoids are typically highly localized, they generally act as /autocrines instead ofAnswer: true Question: true hormones __ targetsAnswer: distant Question: all major circulate to __ __ tissuesAnswer: virtually Question: influences activity of only certain tissue cells, referred to as its cellsAnswer: given Question: hormones bring about their characteristic effects on target cells by __ cell activity, decreasing/increasing rates of normal cellular processesAnswer: altering Question: hormonal stimulus typically alters plasma permeability/potential (or both) byAnswer: opening/closing ion Question: hormonal typically __ __ of proteins or regulatory molecules (such as enzymes within cell)Answer: synthesis Question: hormonal stimulus typically activates or __Answer: Question: hormonal stimulus typically Answer: Question: act at receptors in the plasma membrane when they areAnswer: -soluble hormones Question: water-soluble hormones are all acid-based hormones except forAnswer: thyroid Question: water-soluble hormones are coupled via regulatory called __ to one/more intracellular 2nd messengers which mediate target cell's responseAnswer: G proteins Question: act on intracellular receptors, which directly genesAnswer: -soluble hormones Question: lipid-soluble hormones Answer: & thyroid hormones Question: receptor for water-soluble must be in __ __ since these hormones cannot enter cellAnswer: membrane Question: receptor for lipid-soluble steroid & hormones are __ cellAnswer: inside Question: intracellular generated by the binding of a chemical (hormone or neurotransmitter) to a plasma membrane receptor; mediates intracellular responses to the chemical messengeAnswer: messengers Question: with exception of thyroid hormone, all __ __ hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular second Answer: acid-based Question: second messenger that mediates the effects of the first (extracellular) messenger (hormone or neurotransmitter); formed from ATP by a plasma membrane enzyme (adenylate cyclase)Answer: AMP Question: cyclic AMP is used by __ & __ Answer: ; olfactory Question: cyclic AMP mechanism involves interaction of __ plasma membrane components to determine intracellular levels of AMPAnswer: Question: cyclic Answer: cAMP Question: three plasma membrane components to intracellular levels of cAMPAnswer: hormone receptor, G , & effector enzyme Question: hormone bind receptor on plasma Answer: 1st step of cAMP Question: receptor activates G Answer: 2nd step of cAMP Question: when activates G protein, hormone binding causes receptor to __ __, allowing it to bind a nearby inactive G proteinAnswer: shape Question: when receptor G protein, it is activates as __ bound to it is displaced by high-energy compound __Answer: GDP (guanosine ); GTP (guanosine triphosphate) Question: once activated (cAMP) G behaves like a light switch, off when __ is bound to it and on when __ is boundAnswer: GDP; Question: G protein adenylate cyclaseAnswer: 3rd step of cAMP Question: during cAMP mechanism, activated G protein (moving membrane) binds to effector enzymeAnswer: adenylate Question: G protein that stimulates cyclaseAnswer: Gs Question: G protein that adenylate cyclaseAnswer: Question: during cAMP mechanism, eventually GTP bound to G protein is __ to GDP, & G protein inactive once againAnswer: hydrolyzed Question: during cAMP mechanism, G protein cleaves terminal group off GTP in much same way that ATPase enzymes Answer: hydrolyze Question: adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cyclic Answer: 4th step of cAMP Question: during cAMP mechanism, for as long as activated Gs is bound to it, adenylate generates second messenger cAMP fromAnswer: ATP Question: cyclic AMP activate kinaseAnswer: 5th step of cAMP Question: cAMP, which is free to diffuse throughout cell, triggers __ of reactions by activating protein kinaseAnswer: Question: enzymes that phosphorylate various proteins, many of are other enzymesAnswer: kinase Question: because __ activates some proteins and inhibits others (during cAMP) a variety of processes may be affected in same cell at same timeAnswer: phosphorylation Question: type of intracellular enzymatic cascade during cAMP has a huge __ Answer: amplification Question: each activated adenylate cyclase generates large numbers of cAMP molecules, and a single kinase enzyme can Answer: of reactions Question: as cAMP mechanism cascades through 1 enzyme intermediate after another, number of product molecules __ __ at each stepAnswer: dramatically Question: depends on type of target cell, specific protein kinase it contain, & within that cell available for phosphorylation by protein kinaseAnswer: sequence of set into motion by cAMP Question: binding of thyroid-stimulating hormone synthesis of thyroid hormoneAnswer: Question: in liver, binding of glucagon activates enzymes that glycogen, releasingAnswer: to blood Question: since some G proteins inhibit rather that activate adenylate cyclase, reducing cytoplasmic concentration of cAMP, even changes in levels of __ __ can influence target cell's activityAnswer: antagonistic Question: epinephrine, ACTH, FSH, LH, glucagon, PTH, TSH, & calcitonin are all hormones Answer: act via cAMP Question: action of cAMP only briefly because molecules is rapidly degraded by intracellularAnswer: enzyme Question: any of a class of enzymes that catalyze the cleaving of phosphodiester bonds, such as those between nucleotides in nucleic acids, to produce smaller nucleotide Answer: phosphodiesterase Question: because of amplification effect of cAMP , most hormones need to be present __ __ to cause desired resultsAnswer: only Question: in PIP2-calcium mechanism, intracellular calcium ions act asAnswer: final Question: phosphatidyl bisphosphateAnswer: PIP2 Question: enzyme called phospholipase C splits plasma phospholipid called PIP2 into diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3)Answer: PIP2-calcium mechanism Question: in PIP2-calcium mechanism, ___ activates protein kinase C which triggers responses within target cellAnswer: (DAG) Question: in PIP2-calcium mechanism, __ __ releases Ca2+ from intracellular storage sitesAnswer: trisphosphate (IP3) Question: PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism, __ __ takes on second-messenger role, either by directly altering activity of specific enzymes & channels or by binding to regulatory protein calmodulinAnswer: Ca2+ Question: in PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism, once Ca2+ binds to it activates enzymes that __ cellular responseAnswer: amplify Question: thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), antidiuretic hormone (ADH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), oxytocin, & epinephrine are all known to act on their target cells viaAnswer: PIP2 Question: insulin & other growth factors work __ second Answer: Question: tyrosine kinase enzyme that is activated by when insulin bindsAnswer: insulin Question: activated insulin receptor provides docking for intracellular __ proteinsAnswer: relay Question: initiate series of protein phosphorylations that specific cell responsesAnswer: relay Question: in certain instances, any of second messengers & hormone receptor itself can changes inAnswer: intracellular Ca2+ Question: thyroid hormone receptors are __ to DNA even in absence of thyroid hormoneAnswer: always Question: for steroid & thyroid hormones, activated receptor-hormone complex makes way to nuclear chromatin and then binds to region of DNA; this interaction "turns on" a gene that prompts of DNA to produceAnswer: RNA (mRNA) Question: for steroid & thyroid hormones, once mRNA produced, it is then translated on __ __, producing protein moleculesAnswer: cytoplasmic Question: protein molecules produced by mRNA include enzymes that promote metabolic induced by that particular hormone & in some cases promote synthesis of structural proteins or proteins to be transported from target cellAnswer: for steroid & hormones Question: for steroid & hormones, in absence of hormone receptors are bound up inAnswer: receptor-chaperonin Question: -chaperonin complexes that takes place in absence of steroid & thyroid hormones, keep receptors from binding to DNA and mayAnswer: protect them from Question: hydrolytic breakdown of proteins into simpler, substances such as peptides and amino acids, as occurs during digestionAnswer: proteolysis Question: when steroid & thyroid hormones are present receptor-chaperonin __ allowing hormone-bound receptor to bind to DNA & influence transcriptionAnswer: Question: in order for cell to respond to hormone, cell must have __ __ receptors on its plasma membrane or in it interior to which that hormones can bindAnswer: protein Question: receptors for ACTH are found on certain cell ofAnswer: adrenal Question: is principal hormone stimulating cellular metabolism, and nearly all body cells have its Answer: Question: responds to hormone binding by cell to perform, or turn on, some gene-determined preprogrammed functionAnswer: receptor Question: hormones are molecular __ rather than moleculesAnswer: triggers Question: target cell activation by hormone-receptor interaction __ __ on blood levels of hormone, numbers of receptors for that hormone on target cell, & affinity of binding btwn response to various stimuli & changes within bodyAnswer: depends Question: for a given level of in the blood, a large number of __ receptors produce a pronounced hormonal effectAnswer: high-affinity Question: for a given level of hormone in the blood, a smaller number of __ receptors results in reduced target cell response or outright endocrine Answer: low-affinity Question: receptors are __ Answer: dynamic Question: phenomenon in which target form more receptors in response to rising blood levels of specific hormone to which they respondAnswer: up-regulation Question: prolonged exposure to high hormone concentration desensitizes cells, sot that they respond less vigorously to hormonal stimulationAnswer: down-regulation Question: down-regulation loss of receptors & prevents target cells from overreacting toAnswer: persistently high levels Question: hormones number & affinity not only of their own receptors but also receptor thatAnswer: respond to hormones Question: progesterone induces loss of receptors in uterus, this __ estrogen's actions; while estrogen causes same cells to produce more progesterone receptors, __ ability to respond to progesteroneAnswer: ; enhances Question: hormones circulate through the as Answer: free or to protein carrier Question: lipid-soluble hormones in bloodstream attached toAnswer: proteins Question: __ of a circulating in blood at any time reflects it rate of release & speed at which it is inactivated & removed from bodyAnswer: concentration Question: some hormones are rapidly degraded by __ in target cellsAnswer: Question: most hormones are removed from the by Answer: kidneys or Question: most hormone breakdown products are from body inAnswer: or feces Question: length of time for a hormone's blood level to decrease by half; varies from fraction of to a weekAnswer: half-life Question: __ exhibit shorted half-livesAnswer: -soluble Question: is limited, ranging from 10 seconds to several Answer: of hormone action Question: because of many variations, hormonal __ __ must be precisely & individually controlled to meet continuously changing needs of Answer: levels Question: when 1 hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being presentAnswer: permissiveness Question: permissive for normal timely development of reproductive structures (along with reproductive hormones)Answer: hormone Question: occurs in situation where more than 1 hormones produces same effects at target cell & combined effects are amplifiedAnswer: synergism Question: glucagon & epinephrine cause liver to release glucose to blood; when they act together amount of glucose released is about 150% of what is released when each Answer: acts Question: when one hormone opposes action of hormoneAnswer: Question: may compete for same receptors, act different pathways, or even cause down-regulation of receptors for antagonistic hormoneAnswer: hormone Question: synthesis & of most hormones are regulated byAnswer: negative system Question: major types of stimuli trigger endocrine to manufacture & released their hormonesAnswer: , neural, & hormonal Question: endocrine glands secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions & Answer: stimuli Question: humoral stimuli are __ controlsAnswer: simplest Question: hormones released in response to humoral includeAnswer: PTH, , & aldosterone Question: nerve fibers stimulate releaseAnswer: neural Question: sympathetic nervous system stimulation of adrenal medulla to release catecholamines during of stressAnswer: example of stimuli Question: most anterior pituitary hormone release is regulated by releasing/inhibiting byAnswer: the Question: many pituitary hormones stimulate other endocrine toAnswer: release their Question: hormonal stimuli promote rhythmic release, with hormone blood levels rising & falling in a specific patternAnswer: hypothalamic-pituitary-target endocrine feedback loop Question: hormonal, humoral, & neural stimuli are __ factors that affect systemAnswer: turn-on Question: feedback & others are __ factors that affect endocrine systemAnswer: turn-off Question: in the body the __ makes certain adjustment to maintain homeostasis by overriding normal endocrine controlsAnswer: Question: 90-110mg/100ml of blood is the __ range of glucose in the bloodAnswer: normal Question: neuroendocrine gland located beneath the brain that serves a variety of functions including regulation of gonads, thyroid, adrenal cortex, lactation, and balanceAnswer: pituitary Question: pituitary gland is also asAnswer: Question: of tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus superiorlyAnswer: infundibulum Question: largely of pituicytes and nerve fibersAnswer: posterior Question: glia-like supporting Answer: Question: hormones secreted by ; released by posterior pituitaryAnswer: neurohormones Question: posterior pituitary is a(n) __ Answer: -storage Question: posterior pituitary plus infundibulum; portion of the pituitary derived from the brainAnswer: neurohypophysis Question: anterior ; the glandular part of the pituitary glandAnswer: adenohypophysis Question: aterial blood is delivered to pituitary via __ branches of internal arteriesAnswer: Question: veins pituitary drain intoAnswer: sinuses Question: posterior lobe of is actually part ofAnswer: the Question: nerve bundles that run through the infundibulum and the neurohypophysis and the hypothalamusAnswer: hypothalamic-hypophyseal Question: hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract arises from __ in spraoptic & paraventricular of hypothalamusAnswer: neurons Question: made primarily by paraventricular of hypothalamic-hypophyseal tractAnswer: oxytocin Question: made primarily by supraoptic neurons of -hypophyseal tractAnswer: antidiuretic (ADH) Question: when hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract neurons fire they release the stored into a capillary bed in __ pituitary for distribution throughout the bodyAnswer: posterior Question: originates from a superior outpocketing of oral mucosa (Rathke's pouch) and is from epithelial tissueAnswer: anterior lobe of Question: after touching posterior lobe, anterior lobe of loses it connection with oral mucosa & adheres toAnswer: neurohypophysis Question: there is no __ __ connection between anterior lobe of pituitary & Answer: neural Question: only connection between anterior lobe of pituitary & hypothalamus Answer: Question: unusual arrangement of blood vessels in which a capillary bed feeds into veins, which in turn feed into capillary bedAnswer: system Question: primary capillary plexus is located Answer: the Question: located in the infundibulum, it communicates inferiorly via the small hypophyseal portal veins with a secondary capillary Answer: primary plexus Question: primary & secondary capillary plexuses & intervening hypophyseal portal veins make up Answer: hypophyseal portal Question: releasing & inhibiting hormones secreted by neurons in ventral hypothalamus circulate to __ __ via the portal systemAnswer: anterior Question: hypophyseal portal system is where the regulation of hormone __ takes for the anterior pituitaryAnswer: Question: all hypothalamic regulatory are __ __ basedAnswer: amino Question: hypothalamic regulatory can be a(n)Answer: single amine to peptides to Question: controls activity of pituitaryAnswer: hypothalamus Question: all pituitary hormones areAnswer: proteins Question: large molecule isolated from anterior pituitary; prohormone & source of andrenocorticotropic hormone, enkephalin & beta endorphin, & melanocyte-stimulating (MSH)Answer: pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) Question: CNS neurotransmitter involved in control of Answer: melanocyte-stimulating (MSH) Question: hormone that regulates the secretory action of another endocrine Answer: hormone Question: thyroid-stimulating hormone, andrenocorticotropic , follicle-stimulating hormone, & luteinizing hormone are allAnswer: tropic Question: all anterior pituitary except for __ hormone affect their target cells via cyclic AMP second-messenger systemAnswer: Question: hormone that stimulates in general; produced in the anterior pituitary; also called somatotropin (STH)Answer: hormone (GH) Question: GH is produced by cells Answer: somatotrophs Question: GH promotes growth and __ Answer: Question: major target(s) of GH Answer: & skeletal muscles Question: stimulation of __ __, by GH, leads to long bone Answer: plate Question: stimulation of skeletal muscles by GH increased __ __Answer: muscle Question: GH is a(n) __ Answer: Question: GH promotes __Answer: Question: GH encourages use of __ for fuel, thus conserving Answer: Question: family of growth-promoting proteins produced by liver, skeletal muscles, bone, & other tissues; mediated growth promoting effects of Answer: insulin-like factors (IGFs) Question: IGFs by __ act as hormonesAnswer: liver Question: IGFs produced in tissues other than liver act Answer: Question: IGFs stimulate actions required for growth by uptake of nutrients from blood & their incorporation into & DNA allowing growth byAnswer: cell Question: IGFs stimulate actions required for growth through formation of __ & of __ __Answer: ; bone matrix Question: acting directly GH mobilizes fat for depots for transport to cells, thus levels ofAnswer: fatty Question: acting directly GH __ rate of glucose uptake and Answer: decreases Question: in the liver GH encourages breakdown &Answer: release of glucose to Question: the elevation blood glucose levels that when GH acts upon liver brings about the __ __ or anti-insulin effect of GHAnswer: sparing Question: hormone from hypothalamus that GH releaseAnswer: growth hormone-releasing (GHRH) Question: hormone from hypothalamus that GH releaseAnswer: growth hormone-inhibiting (GHIH) Question: GHIH releases is triggered by __ of GH & Answer: Question: rising levels of GH feed back to also __ its own Answer: inhibit Question: GH has a cycle with the highest levels occurring during Answer: evening Question: GHIH __ of thyroid-stimulating hormoneAnswer: blocks Question: GHIH is produced in the gut its release inhibits virtually all gastrointestinal & pancreatic __Answer: Question: excessive growth of the body or any of its parts, especially as a result of oversecretion of the growth hormone by the pituitary Answer: gigantism Question: chronic disease of adults marked by enlargement of the bones of the , face, and jaw that is caused by overactivity of the pituitary gland secretion of GHAnswer: Question: GH deficiency in results in slowed long bone growthAnswer: dwarfism Question: tropic adenohypophyseal hormone that regulates secretion of hormonesAnswer: -stimulating hormone (TSH) Question: thyroid-stimulating (TSH) is also calledAnswer: thyrotopin Question: of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) followsAnswer: hypothalmic-pituitary-target feedback loop Question: cells of anterior that release TSHAnswer: thyrotrophs Question: triggers thyrotrophs to TSHAnswer: -releasing hormone (TRH) Question: rising blood levels of thyroid hormones act on & hypothalamus toAnswer: inhibit TSH Question: anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates cortex to release corticosteroid hormonesAnswer: adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) Question: adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) also calledAnswer: corticotropin Question: ACTH release is elicited by Answer: corticotropin-releasing (CRH) Question: ACTH peak inAnswer: morning before awakening Question: rising levels of feed back and __ secretion of CRH & ACTH releaseAnswer: block Question: internal & external factors that normal ACTH rhythm by triggering CRH release includeAnswer: fever, hypoglycemia, & of all types Question: hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates follicle production in females and sperm production in malesAnswer: follicle-stimulating (FSH) Question: anterior pituitary hormone that aids of cells in the ovary and triggers ovulation in females; in males, causes the interstitial cells of the testis to produce testosteroneAnswer: hormone (LH) Question: luteinizing hormone (LH) & follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), by anterior pituitary, are referred to collectively asAnswer: Question: in both sexes FSH __ productionAnswer: Question: in females, LH works with FSH to an __ __ __ to matureAnswer: egg-containing follicle Question: in both LH promotes production of __ hormonesAnswer: Question: in , LH independently triggers __Answer: Question: in females, LH promotes synthesis & release of __ hormonesAnswer: ovarian Question: in males, LH stimulates __ __ of testes to testosteroneAnswer: cells Question: gonadotropins are virtually __ from blood of prepuberty boys & Answer: Question: during puberty to of anterior pituitary are activated and gonadotropin levels begin to rise, causingAnswer: gonads to Question: in both , produced by hypothalamus, gondaotropin release by anterior pituitary is promoted byAnswer: -releasing hormone (GnRH) Question: in response to the gonadotropins, feed back to suppress FSH & LHAnswer: hormones Question: adenohypophyseal hormone that stimulates the breasts to produce milk; protein hormone similar to GHAnswer: (PRL) Question: prolactin release is controlled primarily by inhibitory hormone prolactin-inhibiting (PIH), known asAnswer: dopamine Question: prolactin-releasing Answer: Question: in females, prolactin levels rise & fall in with __ blood levelsAnswer: estrogen Question: stimulates prolactin releaseAnswer: & indirectly Question: most frequent abnormality of anterior tumorsAnswer: Question: made largely of of hypothalamic neurons; stores antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocinAnswer: pituitary Question: composed of 9 acids; differ in only 2 amino acidsAnswer: ADH & Question: influences body balance Answer: ADH Question: hormone synthesized in the and secreted by the posterior pituitary; stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth and the ejection of milk during nursingAnswer: Question: oxytocin acts via __ second-messenger system to Ca2+ allowing stronger contractionsAnswer: PIP-Ca2+ Question: childbirth & milk ejection result Answer: positive feedback Question: productionAnswer: Question: that inhibits or prevent urine formationAnswer: antidiuretic Question: hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior ; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing urine volumeAnswer: hormone (ADH) Question: ADH is also Answer: Question: ADH prevents wide in __ balanceAnswer: water Question: sensory end organ that responds to changes in osmotic pressure; continually monitors solute concentration of Answer: osmoreceptor Question: ADH targets __ __ via Answer: kidney Question: pain, low blood pressure, & drugs such as nicotine, morphine, & barbiturates are all that triggerAnswer: ADH Question: alcoholic beverages __ ADH secretionAnswer: Question: diuretic drugs __ effects of ADH and cause water to be flushed from the Answer: Question: at high blood concentrations ADH causes __ of the blood vesselsAnswer: vasoconstriction Question: disease characterized by passage of a large quantity of dilute urine plus intense thirst and dehydration caused by inadequate release of antidiuretic (ADH)Answer: insipidus Question: pulmonary cancers are known Answer: ADH Question: marked by retention of fluid, headache & disorientation due to edema, weight gain & decreased solute concentration in bloodAnswer: syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) Question: one of the largest of the body's endocrine ; straddles the anterior tracheaAnswer: gland Question: tissue mass of thyroid glandAnswer: isthmus Question: hollow, spherical, colloid-containing structure of the glandAnswer: Question: formed largely by cubiodal or epithelial cells & produce glycoprotein thyrogolubulinAnswer: follicle Question: central cavity of follicleAnswer: lumen Question: lumen of follicle __ colloidAnswer: stores Question: amber-colored, sticky substance in the thyroid gland containing thyroglobulin with attached iodine atomsAnswer: Question: from iodinated thyroglobulinAnswer: hormone Question: population of cells in thyroid gland that produce calcitonin; lie in follicular epithelium but protrude into soft connective tissue that separates & surrounds thyroid Answer: parafollicular Question: major hormone secreted by thyroid follicles; stimulates enzymes with glucose oxidationAnswer: thyroid (TH) Question: hormone (TH) is often referred to as the body'sAnswer: metabolic hormone Question: iodine-containing hormone secreted by the thyroid ; accelerates cellular metabolic rate in most body tissues; major hormone secreted by thyroid folliclesAnswer: (T4) Question: thyroid ; secretion and function similar to those of thyroxine (T_4)Answer: (T3) Question: most T3 is formed at the target tissue Answer: conversion of T4 to Question: TH enters a cell andAnswer: initiates transcription of mRNA for synthesis Question: by turning on transcription of genes concerned with glucose , THAnswer: has effect Question: increases basal metabolic rate & body heat Answer: calorigenic Question: TH provokes increase in of __ receptors in blood vessels, playing important role in maintaining blood pressureAnswer: Question: important in regulating growth & development, as well as critical for normal skeletal & nervous system development/maturation, & reproductive capabilities Answer: Question: thyroid gland has ability to store its hormone extracellulary & stored amount remains constant & sufficient to levels of hormone release forAnswer: two to months Question: when TSH from anterior pituitary binds to receptors on thyroid follicle cells, response is toAnswer: secrete stored hormone Question: when TSH from anterior pituitary binds to receptors on thyroid cells, second response is toAnswer: begin synthesizing more colloid to thyroid follicle lumen Question: TSH levels are __ during the Answer: Question: TSH levels __ just before Answer: Question: TSH levels remain __ the nightAnswer: high Question: when thyroglobulin is and discharged into follicle lumenAnswer: step 1 synthesis of TH by cells Question: iodide is by active transport by follicle cell, then moves into lumen by facilitated diffusionAnswer: step 2 synthesis of TH by cells Question: is oxidized to iodineAnswer: step 3 synthesis of TH by cells Question: iodine is attached to tyrosine at of follicle cell apex & colloid, & is mediated by peroxidase enzymesAnswer: step 4 of TH by follicle cells Question: attachment of 1 iodine to a producesAnswer: (MIT or T1) Question: attachment of 2 iodine to a tyrosine Answer: (DIT or T2) Question: iodinated tyrosines are linked together to form T3 & T4; enzymes in colloid link MIT & DIT together; are still part of thyroglobulin colloidAnswer: step 5 of TH by follicle cells Question: 2 DITs result Answer: T4 Question: coupling of MIT & DIT Answer: Question: thyroglobulin colloid is endocystosed; follicle cells must reclaim iodinated thyroglobulin by endocytosis & combine with lysosomesAnswer: step 6 synthesis of TH by cells Question: lysosomal enzymes cleave T4 & T3 from & hormones diffuse from follicle cell into bloodstreamAnswer: step 7 of TH by follicle cells Question: some T4 cane be to T3 __ secretionAnswer: before Question: most T3 is inAnswer: peripheral Question: most T3 & T4 immediately binds to transport proteins, most importantlyAnswer: -binding globulins (TBGs) Question: thyroxine-binding globulins (TBGs) are byAnswer: the Question: T3 that binds to target receptors does soAnswer: much more avidly & is about 10x more Question: most peripheral have enzymes needed to convert T4 to T3 byAnswer: removing one Question: of blood levels of TH is on a(n)Answer: negative loop Question: falling TH levels trigger __ of TSHAnswer: release Question: rising levels of TH feed back to __ hypothalamic-anterior pituitary axis, temporarily shutting off for TH releaseAnswer: inhibit Question: condition that increase body energy requirements, such pregnancy & exposure of infants to cold, stimulate hypothalamus to __ __ which triggers TSH release allowing it to overcome negative feedback controlsAnswer: thyrotropin-releasing (TRH) Question: GHIH, dopamine, & rising of glucocorticoids are factors thatAnswer: inhibit TSH Question: excessively high blood concentrations inhibitAnswer: TH Question: condition resulting from underactive thyroid in adultsAnswer: myxedema Question: if results from lack of iodine, enlargement & protrusion of thyroid glandAnswer: /colloidal goiter Question: severe in infantsAnswer: cretinism Question: disorder resulting from thyroid glandAnswer: Grave's Question: protrusion of eyeballs, if tissue behind eyes becomes edematous & then fibrous; in Grave's diseaseAnswer: Question: polypeptide hormone released by the thyroid; lowers blood calcium levels only when at high (therapeutic) levelsAnswer: Question: calcitonin is produced Answer: / C cells Question: effect of calcitonin is is to __ Ca2+Answer: lower Question: calcitonin has an effect on __ hormoneAnswer: parathyroid Question: of calcitonin includeAnswer: skeleton & bony Question: targeting the skeleton, calcitonin inhibits __ activity, inhibiting bone reabsorption & release of Ca2+ from bony Answer: osteoclast Question: targeting the bony matrix, calcitonin __ Ca2+ & incorporation into bone matrixAnswer: Question: calcitonin has a __ Answer: bone-sparing Question: excessive blood levels of Ca2+ (approx. 20% above ) act as a __ stimulus for calcitonin releaseAnswer: Question: declining blood Ca2+ levels inhibit C cell __ Answer: secretory Question: calcitonin is given to patient's withAnswer: 's disease Question: small endocrine glands located on the posterior of the thyroid glandAnswer: parathyroid Question: parathyroid glands are arranged in thick branching cords containing scattered __ cells and large of smaller __ cellsAnswer: oxyphil; Question: most abundant parenchymal of the parathyroid, being polygonal epithelial cells rich in glycogen, having granular cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei, and arranged in plates or cordsAnswer: cells Question: acidophilic found in the parathyroid glandsAnswer: cells Question: protein hormone released by parathyroid glands; single most important regulating blood calcium levelAnswer: hormone (PTH)/parathormone Question: Ca2+ homeostasis is for so many functions, includingAnswer: transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, & blood Question: PTH release is by __ blood Ca2+ levelsAnswer: Question: PTH release is by __ blood Ca2+ levelsAnswer: rising Question: PTH increases Ca2+ levels in by stimulating targets organs ofAnswer: , kidneys, & intestine Question: skeleton considerable amount of __ __ in its matrix, making it an apt target organ of PTHAnswer: calcium Question: bone-reabsorbing Answer: osteoclast Question: PTH release stimulates osteoclast to digest some of the bony and release ionic calcium & phosphates to the bloodAnswer: step 1 Question: enhances reabsorption of Ca2+, as well as of phosphate (PO43-) by kidneysAnswer: step 2 Question: promotes activation of vitamin D3 thereby increasing absorption of Ca2+ by intestinal cellsAnswer: step 3 Question: required for of Ca2+ from foodAnswer: vitamin Question: vitamin D ingested or by skin is a(n)Answer: form Question: for vitamin D to exert its physiological effects it must be converted by kidneys to its vitamin D3 form ofAnswer: calcitriol Question: group of active metabolites of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3);increases intestinal absorption of calcium & phosphate, bone resorption, & prevents ricketsAnswer: /calcitriol Question: rare & usually results from tumor; calcium is leached from bones causing bones to soften & as their mineral salts are replaced by fibrous connective tissueAnswer: hyperparathyroidism Question: bones have moth-eaten appearance on x-rays & tend to fracture Answer: osteitis fibrosa Question: abnormally elevated blood Ca2+ Answer: Question: hypercalcemia __ of nervous system and formation of __ stonesAnswer: depression; Question: calcium deposits that form is soft tissues throughout body & severely impair vital organ Answer: metastatic Question: PTH deficiency; often follows parathyroid gland trauma or during thyroid surgeryAnswer: Question: extended deficiency of dietary magnesium, required for PTH secretion) can Answer: hypoparathyroidism Question: low blood Ca2+ Answer: Question: hypocalcemia resulting from functional hypoparathyroidism __ of neurons & accounts for classical symptoms of tetanyAnswer: increases Question: loss of , muscle twitches, & convulsionsAnswer: Question: untreated symptoms of hypoparathyroidism progress toAnswer: respiratory paralysis & Question: -producing pyramid-shaped organs located superior to kidneys; each consists of medulla & cortex areasAnswer: glands Question: adrenal glands are enclosed Answer: fibrous capsule & cushion of Question: adrenal glands are often to asAnswer: suprarenal Question: each adrenal is structurally & functionallyAnswer: two glands Question: portion; more like a knot of nervous tissue; part of sympathetic nervous systemAnswer: adrenal Question: outer portion; encapsulating & forming bulk of gland; glandular tissue derived from embryonic mesodermAnswer: cortex Question: each region of adrenal gland Answer: its own Question: all adrenal hormones help Answer: cope with situations Question: over two steroid hormones synthesized by adrenal cortex are calledAnswer: Question: multistep steroid synthesis pathway, of adrenal cortex, withAnswer: cholesterol Question: steroid hormones are not __ in Answer: Question: the rate of steroid hormone release in response to depends on theirAnswer: rate of Question: large, lipid-laden cells of adrenal cortex are arranged inAnswer: 3 /zones Question: cell forming superficial layer; produce mineralocorticoidsAnswer: zona Question: steroid hormone of adrenal that regulates Na^+ & K^+ metabolism & fluid balanceAnswer: Question: forming middle layer; arranged in more/less linear cords; produce glucocorticoidsAnswer: zona Question: hormones that affect glycogenesis in the liver; anti-inflammatory, are active in protection against stress, and affect carbohydrate and protein metabolismAnswer: Question: innermost cells abutting adrenal medulla in arrangement; mainly produce small amounts of gonadocorticoidsAnswer: zona Question: sex hormonesAnswer: Question: 2 innermost layers of adrenal cortex __ __ of glucocorticoids & gonadocorticoids, although each layer predominately produces one Answer: production Question: single most abundant cation in fluid isAnswer: Na+ Question: amount of Na+ in body largely determines __ of extracellular Answer: volume Question: where Na+ goes __ Answer: water Question: lead to in blood volume & blood pressureAnswer: changes in Na+ concentration Question: to Na+ is regulation of other ions, includingAnswer: K+, H+, HCO3 (bicarbonate), & Cl- (chloride) Question: sets the resting membrane of cells & determine how easily action potentials are generated in nerve & muscleAnswer: contractions of K+ Question: Na+ & K+ __ are crucial to overall body Answer: Question: hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates Na+ reabsorption and K+ by the kidneysAnswer: Question: is the most __ mineralocorticoidAnswer: Question: aldosterone accounts for __ __ 95% of the mineralocorticoids Answer: more Question: aldosterone __ excretion of Na+ from Answer: Question: primary target of aldosterone is __ parts of kidney tubules, where it stimulate Na+ reabsorption & water retention by K+ eliminationAnswer: distal Question: in some instances aldosterone's effect on distal kidney tubules can alter __ balance of by H+ excretionAnswer: acid-base Question: aldosterone __ Na+ reabsorption from perspiration, saliva, & juiceAnswer: Question: aldosterone's regulatory effects are __ lasting . 20 minutes, allowing plasma electrolyte balance to be precisely controlledAnswer: brief Question: involves synthesis & activation of proteins required for Na+ transport, such as Na+-K+ ATPase, pump that Na+ for K+Answer: mechanism of aldosterone Question: aldosterone is also by __ organsAnswer: Question: in cardiovascular aldosterone is a(n)Answer: Question: aldosterone secretion is __ by decreasing blood volume & pressure, as well as levels of K+Answer: stimulated Question: renin-angiotensin, plasma concentrations of K+, ACTH, & natriuretic peptide (ANP)Answer: mechanisms that regulate secretion Question: hormone released by the that is involved with raising blood pressureAnswer: Question: influences both blood volume & pressure by regulating release of aldosterone and therefore Na+ & water by kidneysAnswer: -angiotensin mechanism Question: in renin-angiotensin mechanism, specialized cells of __ __ in kidneys become excited when blood /volume declines, and thus release reninAnswer: juxtaglomerular Question: in renin-angiotensin mechanism, when is released it cleaves off part of plasma protein angiotensinogen, which triggersAnswer: enzymatic cascade to formation of angiotensin II Question: potent activated by renin; also triggers release of aldosterone by glomerulosa cellsAnswer: angiotensin Question: all of effects of renin-angiotensin mechanism are ultimately involved Answer: raising pressure Question: fluctuating blood levels of K+ directly influence zona glomerulosa cells in cortex; increased K+ stimulates aldosterone release, whereas decreased K+ inhibits itAnswer: plasma concentration of K+to regulate aldosterone mechanism Question: under severe stress, hypothalamus secretes more corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 7 resulting rise in ACTH blood levels steps up rate of aldosterone secretion to small extent; resulting in blood volume/pressureAnswer: ACTH mechanism to regulate aldosterone Question: hormone secreted by heart when blood pressure rises; fine-tunes blood pressure & sodium-water balance of Answer: natriuretic peptide (ANP) Question: one of major effects of natriuretic peptide (ANP) is toAnswer: renin-angiotensin mechanism Question: ANP blocks renin & aldosterone & inhibits other __ mechanisms that enhance water & Na+ reabsorptionAnswer: -induced Question: blood pressure by allowing Na+ (and water_ to flow out of body in urineAnswer: ANP mechanism's influence Question: producing salty Answer: Question: of aldosterone; typically results from adrenal tumorsAnswer: aldosteronism Question: if K+ loss is __ neurons become nonresponsive & muscle weakness (eventually ) occursAnswer: extreme Question: hyposecretory disease of adrenal cortex, generally involving a deficient of both mineralocorticoids & glucocorticoidsAnswer: 's disease Question: glucocorticoids are cortex hormones thatAnswer: blood glucose levels and aid the body in resisting long-term stressors Question: under normal circumstances help body to adapt to intermittent food intake by keeping __ __ levels fairly constant, and maintain blood pressure by increasing action of __Answer: blood glucose; Question: severe stress due to hemorrhage, infection, or physical/emotional trauma evokes a dramatically __ output of glucocorticoids, which help body crisisAnswer: Question: cortisol, , corticosteroneAnswer: glucocorticoid Question: glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex; release is promoted by ACTH; rising levels feed back to act on both & anterior pituitaryAnswer: (hydrocortisone) Question: basic mechanism of glucocorticoid on target cells is toAnswer: gene activity Question: secretion is regulated byAnswer: negative Question: driven by patterns of eating & , occur in a definite pattern throughout day & nightAnswer: secretory bursts Question: cortisol blood levels peak __ __ we in morningAnswer: before Question: __ __ of cortisol occur in evening just before and after we fall asleepAnswer: levels Question: __ __ __ can be by acute stress of any variety as higher CNS center override the usually inhibitory effects of elevated cortisol level & trigger CRH releaseAnswer: normal cortisol Question: __ __ the resulting increase in ACTH blood levels causes an outpouring of cortisol from adrenal cortexAnswer: acute Question: stress in __ __ in blood levels of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acidsAnswer: rise Question: cortisol's __ __ is to provoke gluconeogenesisAnswer: prime Question: formation of glucose, especially by the liver, from noncarbohydrate sources, such as acidsAnswer: Question: in order to save glucose for the __, cortisol mobilizes fatty acids from adipose tissue & encourages their increased use for Answer: Question: under cortisol's influence, __ __ are broken down to provide building for repair or for making enzymes to be used in metabolic processesAnswer: proteins Question: cortisol enhances the __ nervous system's vasoconstrictive effects, and the rise in blood pressure & efficiency that results helps ensure that these nutrients are quickly distributed to cellsAnswer: sympathetic Question: cortisol __ is associated with significant inflammatory & anti-immune Answer: Question: depress cartilage /bone formation; inhibit inflammation by decreasing release of inflammatory chemicals; depress immune system; promote changes in , neural & GI functionAnswer: levels of glucocorticoids Question: arthritis & allergic reactions use __ __ to control symptoms of chronic inflammatory disordersAnswer: drugs Question: pathology of glucocorticoid excess; may be caused by ACTH-releasing pituitary tumor, ACTH-releasing of lungs, pancreas, or kidneys, or tumor of adrenal cortexAnswer: Cushing's Question: Cushing's disease is most a result of clinical administration of __ __ of glucocorticoid drugsAnswer: doses Question: characterized by persistent blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle/bone protein, & water/salt retention leading to hypertension & edemaAnswer: 's syndrome Question: elevated blood glucose levels brought on by pharmacological doses of glucocorticoidsAnswer: steroid Question: include swollen "moon" face, redistribution of fat to the & posterior neck, tendency to bruise, & poor wound healingAnswer: signs Question: major hyposecretory disorder of adrenal cortex, usually involves deficits in both & mineralcorticoids; weight loss, plasma glucose & sodium levels drop, & potassium levels riseAnswer: 's disease Question: sex hormones, androgens, secreted by the adrenal cortexAnswer: Question: hormone such as testosterone that controls male secondary sex Answer: Question: androstenedione & dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are to __ in tissue cells in malesAnswer: Question: androstenedione & dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are converted to __ in tissue in femalesAnswer: estrogens Question: hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids Answer: syndrome Question: spherical cell that stains readily with chromium salts, especially a cell of the adrenal Answer: chromaffin Question: chromaffin cells are modified ganglionic __ __ that catecholaminesAnswer: neurons Question: hormone produced by the adrenal medulla; also called adrenalineAnswer: epinephrine Question: catecholamine neurotransmitter and adrenal medullary hormone, associated with sympathetic nervous activationAnswer: (NE) Question: medulla synthesize catecholamines via __ __ from tyrosine to dopamine to NE to epinephrineAnswer: sequence Question: blood glucose levels rise, vessels constrict & heart beats faster, blood is diverted from nonessential organs to heart & skeletal muscles & preganglionic sympathetic nerve endings weaving through adrenal medulla signal for catecholamine releaseAnswer: when sympathetic system is mobilized, in flight-or-flight Question: of catecholamines from adrenal medulla reinforce or prolongAnswer: fight-or-flight Question: more potent catecholamine stimulator of metabolic activities, bronchial dilation, & increased blood flow to skeletal & heartAnswer: epinephrine Question: catecholamine that has greater influence on vasoconstriction & blood pressureAnswer: Question: epinephrine is used clinically as heart stimulant & to bronchioles duringAnswer: acute asthmatic Question: catecholamines relatively __ responses to stressorsAnswer: brief Question: of hormones of adrenal medulla is not a problem because these hormones merely __ activities set into motion by sympathetic nervous systemAnswer: Question: adrenal __ __ essential for lifeAnswer: are Question: produces symptoms of uncontrolled sympathetic system activity Answer: of catecholamines Question: symptoms include hyperglycemia, increased metabolic rate, rapid heartbeat & palpitations, hypertension, intense nervousness & sweating; tumor of chromaffin of adrenal medullaAnswer: pheochromocytoma Question: hormone-secreting part of diencephalon of brain to be involved in setting biological clock & influencing reproductive functionAnswer: gland Question: secreted by pineal gland; secretion peaks at night and helps set sleep-wake cycles; also a powerful antioxidantAnswer: Question: pineal gland indirectly receives input from __ pathways concerning the intensity & duration of Answer: Question: area to as our biological clock; richly supplied with melatonin receptorsAnswer: suprachiasmatic Question: gland located behind stomach, between spleen & duodenum; both endocrine & exocrine secretionsAnswer: pancreas Question: zymogen-secreting cells of the pancreatic; produce enzyme-rich juice that is carried by ducts to small intestine digestionAnswer: cells Question: tiny cell clusters (scattered acinar cells)that produce pancreatic hormonesAnswer: pancreatic Question: pancreatic islets are also know Answer: islets of Question: glucagon-synthesizing cells of Answer: cells Question: insulin-producing of pancreasAnswer: beta Question: act as tiny fuel sensors, secreting glucagon & insulin appropriately during fasting & fed Answer: & beta cells Question: insulin is a(n) __ Answer: Question: glucagon is a(n) __ Answer: Question: some __ __ cells also produce peptides, such as somatostatin, pancreatic (PP), etc.Answer: islet Question: hormone formed by alpha cells of pancreatic islets; raises the glucose level of blood; 29-amino-acid Answer: Question: one molecule of glucagon can release 100 million molecules of __ into the Answer: Question: breakdown of glycogen to Answer: Question: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, release of glucose to blood by liver cells, causing glucose levels to riseAnswer: targets of glucagon Question: fall in amino acid concentration in blood as liver cells sequester glucagon molecules to make new moleculesAnswer: effect of glucagon Question: humoral , falling glucose levels, prompt __ cells to secrete glucagonAnswer: alpha Question: sympathetic nervous system stimulation & rising acid levels are also __ for glucagon releaseAnswer: Question: glucagon release is __ by blood glucose levels, insulin, & somatostatinAnswer: suppressed Question: hormone that enhances -mediated diffusion of glucose into tissue cells, thus lowering blood glucose levels; small protein consisting of 2 amino acid chains linked by disulfide bondsAnswer: Question: insulin is synthesized as part of a polypeptide chain calledAnswer: Question: main effect of is to __ blood glucose levels, but it also influences protein & fat metabolismAnswer: lower Question: middle portion of proinsulin polypeptide chain is excised by releasing __ insulinAnswer: functional Question: insulin "clipping" takes places in secretory vesicles just before insulin is releasedAnswer: from the beta Question: insulin's effects are most when we haveAnswer: just Question: main effect of is toAnswer: lower sugar Question: insulin also Answer: & fat metabolism Question: circulating insulin lowers blood glucose by enhancing membrane __ of glucose into body cells, especially muscle & fatAnswer: transport Question: circulating insulin lowers blood glucose levels by inhibiting __ of to glucoseAnswer: breakdown Question: circulating insulin lowers blood glucose levels by __ conversion of amino acids or fats to Answer: Question: insulin does no accelerate glucose entry into , kidney, & brain tissues becauseAnswer: they have easy access to glucose regardless of insulin levels Question: roles in the __ participate in neuronal development, feeding behavior, & learning/memoryAnswer: brain Question: inhibiting effects of insulin counter any metabolic activity that would increase __ __ of Answer: plasma Question: at cellular level insulin activates its receptor __ __ enzyme which phosphorylates proteins beginning the cascade that leads to increased glucose uptake & insulin's other effectsAnswer: kinase Question: after glucose enters target cell, insulin binding enzymatic activities that catalyze __ of glucose for ATP productionAnswer: oxidation Question: after glucose enters target cell, insulin binding triggers enzymatic activities that join glucose molecules toAnswer: form Question: after glucose enters target cell, insulin binding triggers enzymatic activities that glucose toAnswer: fat, in adipose tissue Question: as a rule, energy need are met first, by __ __Answer: glycogen Question: if excess glucose is available, after needs have been met, it is thenAnswer: converted to Question: insulin stimulates amino acid uptake & protein synthesis Answer: muscle Question: pancreatic beta cells are stimulated to insulin chiefly byAnswer: blood glucose levels Question: pancreatic beta cells are stimulated to secrete insulin by rising __ __ of amino & acidsAnswer: levels Question: pancreatic beta cells are stimulated to secrete insulin by release of acetylcholine by __ fibersAnswer: Question: as body cells take up glucose & other nutrients, and plasma levels of these substances drop, secretionAnswer: is suppressed Question: glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, thyroxine, & glucocorticoids are Answer: hyperglycemia Question: any hyperglycemia hormone called into action as blood glucose levels drop __ __ release by promoting glucose entry into bloodstreamAnswer: stimulates Question: somatostatin & sympathetic nervous system __ insulin releaseAnswer: Question: insulin is the major __ __ that the many hypoglycemic hormonesAnswer: factor Question: disease caused by deficient insulin release or by insulin resistance, leading to inability of the body cells to use Answer: diabetes (DM) Question: excess of glucose lost from body in Answer: Question: fatty acid ; strong organic acidsAnswer: ketones Question: cannot be used as cellular fuel, more fats are mobilized resulting in high fatty acids levels in bloodAnswer: lipidemia Question: when ketones accumulate in blood, the blood pH drops and ketones to spill into the urineAnswer: ketoacidosis Question: ketones begin to spill into the Answer: ketonuria Question: polyuria, polydipsia, & polyphagia are the three __ __ of diabetes Answer: cardinal Question: excessive glucose in filtrate act as __ __ resulting in polyuriaAnswer: diuretic Question: excessive urine Answer: polyuria Question: thirstAnswer: Question: excessive hunger & food Answer: Question: insulin secretionAnswer: Question: __ __ hypoglycemiaAnswer: results Question: hyperinsulinism can from __ __ tumorAnswer: islet Question: hyperinsulinism can from an __ of insulinAnswer: overdose Question: male & female gonads produce steroid sex hormones __ to produced by adrenal cortical cellsAnswer: identical Question: produce important hormones ofAnswer: & progesterone Question: temporary endocrine organ; secretes several steroid & protein hormones that course of pregnancyAnswer: placenta Question: include estrogens & progesterone, as well as chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)Answer: hormones Question: prompts kidneys to increase their production of salty urine & aldosterone release by adrenal cortex; thereby decreasing amount of sodium in extracellular fluid, reducing blood volume & pressureAnswer: ANP Question: hormone secreting cells sprinkled in mucosa of GI tract; release several peptide hormones that help regular wide of digestive functionsAnswer: enteroendocrine Question: enteroendocrine cells release amines, like acting as paracrines, diffusing to & influencing nearby target cells without firstAnswer: entering Question: enteroendocrine cells are sometimes referred to as __ because they are similar in certain ways to & many of their hormones & paracrines are chemically identical to neurotransmittersAnswer: Question: hormone that stimulates production of red cells; protein hormones that signals bone marrow to increase RBC productionAnswer: (EPO) Question: erythropoietin is by interstitial cells inAnswer: kidneys Question: hormones function of kidneys is ofAnswer: erythropoietin & Question: inactive form of vitamin D, when modified cholesterol molecules in epidermal cells are exposed to UV Answer: cholecalciferol Question: cholecalciferol is hormone fromAnswer: Question: cholecalciferol is modified in the __ and becomes activated in the __Answer: liver; Question: is __ __ of carrier system that intestinal cells use to absorb Ca2+ from ingested foodAnswer: regulator Question: released by fat cells that signals satiety; serves to tell body how much stored energy is availableAnswer: leptin Question: leptin binds to CNS concerned with __ __Answer: appetite Question: hormones by adipose cells that affect sensitivity of cells to insulinAnswer: resistin & Question: insulin antagonist by adipose tissueAnswer: Question: enhances sensitivity to insulin & is by adipose tissueAnswer: Question: hormone secreted by osteoblasts that prods pancreatic beta cells to & secrete more insulin; restricts fat storage by adipocytes & triggers release of adiponectinAnswer: Question: is that handling is improved & body fat is reducedAnswer: of osteocalcin Question: osteocalcin levels are __ in type 2 Answer: low Question: lymphoid and endocrine gland active in immune response; site of maturation of T lymphocytesAnswer: thymus Question: peptide hormones secreted by thymus; to be involved in normal development of T lymphocytes & immune responseAnswer: thymulin, thymopoietins, & Question: , thymopoietins, & thymosins are called hormones but theyAnswer: mainly act as Question: hormone-producing arise fromAnswer: all embryonic germ layers Question: endocrine glands derived from __ steroid hormonesAnswer: mesoderm Question: involves the study ofAnswer: endocrine and hormones Question: steroids Answer: synthesized from Question: any given hormone will influence the ofAnswer: its target Question: PIP2-calcium mechanism is mechanisms of hormone action in whichAnswer: calcium ions act as a final mediator Question: down-regulation Answer: loss of receptors & target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels Question: when one opposes the action of another hormone, the interaction is calledAnswer: antagonism Question: within a negative feedback the target organ effectsAnswer: further hormone release Question: anterior has traditionally been called the "master endocrine gland" becauseAnswer: many of the numerous hormones it regulate the activity of other endocrine glands Question: in recent years, anterior pituitary has been dethroned by the __, which is now known to control the activity of the pituitaryAnswer: Question: growth hormone Answer: most body to increase in size and divide Question: pituitary dwarfism is homeostatic imbalance fromAnswer: hyposecretion of growth Question: follicle-stimulating Answer: stimulates gamete (sperm or egg) Question: as blood levels of __ __, the expulsive contractions of labor gain momentum and end in birthAnswer: rise Question: because TH an increase in number of __ __ in blood vessels, it plays an important role in maintaining blood pressureAnswer: adrenergic Question: chief cells Answer: found within the parathyroid gland that secrete parathyroid Question: if left untreated canAnswer: lead to /death Question: Addison's disease is homeostatic imbalance that results fromAnswer: deficits in both & mineralocorticoids Question: adenohypophysis Answer: Question: secretesAnswer: ADH Question: gland secretesAnswer: Question: adrenal secretesAnswer: Question: pineal gland Answer: Question: FSHAnswer: stimulates development of the follicle in the Question: Answer: mobilizes fats, spares glucose, and the protein synthesis necessary for growth Question: ACTHAnswer: stimulate adrenal Question: Answer: stimulate thyroid Question: Answer: stimulates kidney tubules to water from urine Question: condition that be balanced by insulinAnswer: high levels of blood Question: condition that be balanced by ADHAnswer: loss of body Question: that would be balanced by aldosteroneAnswer: loss of Na+ from fluids Question: condition that would be by thyroxineAnswer: decrease in body Question: condition that be balanced by parathyroid hormoneAnswer: decrease in Ca+ levels Question: of thyroid-stimulating hormoneAnswer: stimulates of thyroxine Question: function of hormoneAnswer: causes cells to undergo mitosis & increase in Question: function of Answer: increases contraction of smooth muscles Question: function of hormoneAnswer: causes cortex to produce hormones Question: function of follicle-stimulating Answer: functions of ovaries & testes Question: site of & function of TSHAnswer: pituitary; causes thyroid gland to synthesize thyroxine Question: site of & function of FSHAnswer: anterior pituitary; ovarian follicles to grow & produce estrogen & spermatogenesis in testes Question: site of release & of LHAnswer: anterior pituitary; causes ovulation & interstitial cells to testosterone in testes Question: site of & function of oxytocinAnswer: posterior ; causes uterine contractions Question: site of release & of ADHAnswer: pituitary; causes kidneys to conserve water Question: function of Answer: stimulates mild Question: of oxytocinAnswer: stimulates milk ejection from mammary Question: function of Answer: increase metabolic Question: function of Answer: lowers blood Ca2+ Question: of parathyroid hormoneAnswer: blood Ca2+ levels Question: gland/organ that produces Answer: thyroid Question: gland/organ that produces parathyroid Answer: parathyroid Question: gland/organ that produces adrenocorticotropic Answer: gland Question: /organ that produces glucocorticoidsAnswer: cortex Question: /organ that produces epinephrineAnswer: medulla Question: gland producesAnswer: melatonin Question: testes Answer: Question: thymus Answer: Question: producesAnswer: atrial natriuretic Question: producesAnswer: chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) Question: of melatoninAnswer: associated with at night Question: of testosteroneAnswer: associated with maturity in males; needed for normal sperm production Question: function of Answer: essential for normal response Question: function of natriuretic peptideAnswer: reduces volume, blood pressure, and blood sodium concentration by signaling the kidneys Question: function of Answer: helps to pregnancy Question: hormone that adipose producesAnswer: leptin Question: hormone that skin Answer: Question: hormone that kidney Answer: erythropoietin Question: hormone that duodenum of intestine producesAnswer: cholecystokinin Question: that stomach producesAnswer: Question: function of Answer: to CNS neurons concerned with appetite control Question: function of Answer: activated by the kidneys to Vitamin D; stimulates active absorption of Ca2+ by cells Question: of erythropoietinAnswer: stimulates the production of red cells Question: of cholecystokininAnswer: stimulates of bile Question: function of Answer: stimulates stomach to released hydrochloric Question: organ that produces Answer: pancreas Question: organ that TSHAnswer: pituitary (adenohypophysis) Question: organ that produces Answer: gland Question: organ that reninAnswer: Question: organ that ADHAnswer: posterior (neurohypophysis) Question: function of Answer: increases blood sugar level by stimulating Question: function of Answer: stimulates the thyroid gland to produce Question: function of Answer: the metabolic rate Question: of erythropoietinAnswer: increases red blood cell Question: function of Answer: water reabsorption in kidney tubules Question: category of of FSH & LHAnswer: gonadotropins Question: category of hormone of Answer: Question: of hormone of androgensAnswer: gonadocorticoids Question: category of hormone of Answer: Question: of gonadotropinsAnswer: regulate functions of gonads in both Question: function of Answer: blood levels of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids during stress Question: of androgensAnswer: produce masculinizing effects when produced in quantities Question: function of Answer: regulate Na+ reabsorption by the and thereby regulates other electrolyte levels Question: hormone produced by posterior Answer: hormone Question: produced by anterior pituitaryAnswer: hormone Question: hormone produced by Answer: insulin Question: hormone produced by cortexAnswer: Question: hormone produced by medullaAnswer: Question: of antidiuretic hormoneAnswer: kidneys to conserve water Question: function of hormoneAnswer: stimulates embryonic cells (stem cells) to undergo Question: function of Answer: glucose transport into cells Question: function of Answer: increases Na+ reabsorption in the Question: of epinephrineAnswer: cell reactions during sympathetic response Question: hormone that would help to restore the balance for homeostatic imbalance of levels of Ca2+ in the bloodAnswer: hormone Question: that would help to restore the balance for homeostatic imbalance of too much Ca2+ in bloodAnswer: Question: hormone that would help to restore the balance for homeostatic imbalance of levels of blood sugarAnswer: insulin Question: hormone that would help to restore the balance for homeostatic of decreased levels of blood sugarAnswer: Question: hormone that would help to restore the balance for homeostatic imbalance of excessive levels of Na+ in extracellular Answer: Question: gland that would produce the hormone needed to restore homeostasis for end of 9 month Answer: posterior Question: gland that would produce the needed to restore homeostasis for loss of Na+ from profuse sweatingAnswer: cortex Question: gland that would the hormone needed to restore homeostasis for high blood sugar due to eating too many sweetsAnswer: Question: gland that would produce the hormone needed to restore homeostasis for drop in blood levels of Ca2+ due to extreme Answer: Question: gland that would produce the hormone needed to restore homeostasis for delayed/stunted Answer: pituitary Question: homeostatic imbalance of gigantism would be due to the hormone deficiency/overproduction Answer: of GH Question: homeostatic imbalance of diabetes mellitus be due to the hormone deficiency/overproduction ofAnswer: deficiency Question: homeostatic imbalance of sympathetic nervous system overactivity would be due to the deficiency/overproduction ofAnswer: of catecholamines Question: homeostatic imbalance of Grave's would be due to the hormone deficiency/overproduction ofAnswer: hypersecretion of hormone Question: homeostatic imbalance of diabetes insipidus would be due to the hormone deficiency/overproduction Answer: hyposecretion of Question: principle produced by zona reticularisAnswer: Question: hormone produced by zona glomerulosaAnswer: Question: hormone produced by zona fasciculateAnswer: Question: principle hormone produced by beta Answer: insulin Question: humoral control Answer: monitoring blood of substances and correct them Question: neural mechanismAnswer: axons cause hormone Question: control mechanismAnswer: hormone release is dependent upon other hormone Question: is NOT a major endocrine organ, but hormones in addition to its major functionAnswer: kidneys Question: produce the hormones renin and Answer: cells Question: primary of kidney cells isAnswer: of body waste Question: steroid influence cellular activities byAnswer: binding to DNA and a gene-hormone complex Question: steroid enter cell & form DNA/hormone complex before theyAnswer: change cellular Question: preganglionic fibers of sympathetic neurons adrenal medulla toAnswer: produce & norepinephrine Question: is amino acid-based hormones or steroidsAnswer: chemical of hormones Question: __ __ of most body tissues is controlled directly by Answer: metabolic Question: secretion of parathyroid hormone is a good ofAnswer: stimuli Question: stimulus for producing insulin Answer: high glucose concentration Question: transcription of new RNA is a function ofAnswer: hormones Question: iodine is required Answer: synthesis of hormone Question: hypophyseal portal system transports releasing & inhibiting from hypothalamus toAnswer: pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) Question: signal that would affect local cells by releasing chemicals into extracellular Answer: Question: permissiveness is the property in which a hormone __ __ its full without another hormoneAnswer: CANNOT Question: NOT a true hormone, but, rather, a trophic Answer: Question: hypothalamus is a __ organAnswer: neuroendocrine Question: protein kinases enzymes byAnswer: adding phosphate group (phosphorylation) to Question: "hormone response element" is on theAnswer: cell Question: "hormone response representsAnswer: site for a hormone to Question: water-soluble exhibitAnswer: half-life Question: normal endocrine controls can be __ __ by the nervous Answer: overridden Question: POMC is a __ for Answer: Question: iodination of thyroid hormones is byAnswer: peroxidase Question: congenital condition that includes mental retardation, short disproportional body size, and a tongue and neck is caused byAnswer: deficiency of Question: osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused Answer: increase in hormone Question: resistin, an insulin antagonist, is a hormone byAnswer: adipose Question: somatostatin is considered paracrine it acts onAnswer: cells other than that secrete it Question: alcohol intake inhibits the secretion of ADH, thus the absence of ADH isAnswer: increased output Question: sympathetic nerve causes release of epinephrine and norepinephrineAnswer: from medulla Question: adrenal medulla is a(n) __ stimulated Answer: Question: autoimmune is said to be cause for __ __ diabetesAnswer: type Question: of the thymus gland are essential inAnswer: formation of immune Question: __ __, main cells of immune system, mature in gland, where they are stimulated by thymosin hormonesAnswer: T Question: secretion of digestive enzymes is a(n) __ for the pancreasAnswer: exocrine Question: for the pancreas, production of insulin and glucagon is a(n) __ Answer: Question: is high at and low during daylight hoursAnswer: level of melatonin Question: skin, the heart, and the kidneys contain cells or tissues Answer: hormones Question: synthesis & release, or blood levels, of most are regulated by a(n) __ __Answer: negative-feedback Question: __ __ for are the smooth muscle cells of the uterus and the myoepithelial cells of the mammary glandsAnswer: tissues Question: are __ __ the extracellular fluidsAnswer: secreted Question: most hormones can be __ __ as amino-acid based/steroidsAnswer: chemically Question: hormones are __ __ signals that in blood or lymph throughout the bodyAnswer: "long-distance" Question: local hormones are released into the __ __ and only adjacent cells in the same tissueAnswer: fluid Question: hormones that are derived from __ are steroidsAnswer: Question: may communicate with their target cells __ __ to an extracellular receptorAnswer: by Question: may communicate with their target cells by direct __ __Answer: gene Question: a given hormone influences __ __ __ referred to as "target Answer: only certain Question: hypothalamus __ __ of the glandAnswer: activity Question: thymic are involved in __Answer: Question: has a(n) __ affectAnswer: |
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