Endocrine System
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| body system that includes internal organs that secrete hormones | show 🗑
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| show | metabolic
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| show | hormones
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| show | lag period
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| once initiated responses to hormone receptor sites tends to be much __ __ than those induced by nervous system | show 🗑
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| show | major processes controlled & integrated by endocrine system
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| show | relatively long periods or even continuously
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| scientific study of hormones & endocrine organs | show 🗑
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| show | small & unimpressive
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| show | grouped together
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| endocrine organs are __ __ throughout the body | show 🗑
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| show | ductless glands
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| endocrine glands released their hormones into | show 🗑
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| show | endo-
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| to secrete | show 🗑
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| show | rich
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| show | cords; branching
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| cords & branching networks are a situation that __ contact between endocrine glands & capillaries surrounding them | show 🗑
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| includes pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, & pineal glands | show 🗑
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| considered a neuroendocrine organ because, along with its neural functions, it produces & releases hormones | show 🗑
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| show | contain endocrine tissue
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| show | leptin
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| show | thymic hormones
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| are found in walls of small intestine, stomach, kidneys, & heart | show 🗑
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| show | blood/lymph
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| show | autocrines
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| show | paracrines
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| certain prostaglandins released by smooth muscle cells cause those smooth muscle cells to contract making it a(n) | show 🗑
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| show | paracrine
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| show | certain tumor cells, such as lung/pancreatic cancer
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| show | amino acid
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| show | amines & thyroxine
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| short chains of amino acids | show 🗑
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| show | proteins
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| group of chemical substances including certain hormones & cholesterol; fat soluble & contain little oxygen | show 🗑
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| show | steroids
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| biologically active lipids are released by nearly all cell membranes; includes leukotrienes & prostaglandins | show 🗑
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| show | leukotrienes
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| have multiple targets & effects, ranging from raising blood pressure & increasing expulsive uterine contraction of birth to enhancing blood clotting, pain, & inflammation | show 🗑
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| because effects of eicosanoids are typically highly localized, they generally act as paracrines/autocrines instead of | show 🗑
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| true hormones influence __ targets | show 🗑
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| all major hormones circulate to __ __ tissues | show 🗑
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| show | given hormone
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| show | altering
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| hormonal stimulus typically alters plasma membrane permeability/potential (or both) by | show 🗑
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| hormonal stimulus typically __ __ of proteins or regulatory molecules (such as enzymes within cell) | show 🗑
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| hormonal stimulus typically activates or deactivates __ | show 🗑
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| hormonal stimulus typically stimulates | show 🗑
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| hormones act at receptors in the plasma membrane when they are | show 🗑
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| water-soluble hormones are all amino acid-based hormones except for | show 🗑
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| water-soluble hormones are coupled via regulatory molecules called __ to one/more intracellular 2nd messengers which mediate target cell's response | show 🗑
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| act on intracellular receptors, which directly activate genes | show 🗑
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| lipid-soluble hormones include | show 🗑
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| receptor for water-soluble hormones must be in __ __ since these hormones cannot enter cell | show 🗑
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| receptor for lipid-soluble steroid & thyroid hormones are __ cell | show 🗑
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| intracellular molecule generated by the binding of a chemical (hormone or neurotransmitter) to a plasma membrane receptor; mediates intracellular responses to the chemical messenge | show 🗑
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| show | amino acid-based
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| show | cyclic AMP
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| cyclic AMP is used by __ & __ receptors | show 🗑
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| cyclic AMP mechanism involves interaction of __ plasma membrane components to determine intracellular levels of cyclic AMP | show 🗑
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| show | cAMP
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| show | hormone receptor, G protein, & effector enzyme
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| hormone bind receptor on plasma membrane | show 🗑
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| receptor activates G protein | show 🗑
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| show | change shape
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| when receptor activates G protein, it is activates as __ bound to it is displaced by high-energy compound __ | show 🗑
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| once activated (cAMP) G protein behaves like a light switch, off when __ is bound to it and on when __ is bound | show 🗑
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| G protein activate adenylate cyclase | show 🗑
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| during cAMP mechanism, activated G protein (moving along membrane) binds to effector enzyme | show 🗑
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| show | Gs
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| show | Gi
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| show | hydrolyzed
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| show | hydrolyze ATP
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| show | 4th step of cAMP mechanism
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| show | ATP
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| cyclic AMP activate protein kinase | show 🗑
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| show | cascade
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| show | protein kinase
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| show | phosphorylation
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| type of intracellular enzymatic cascade during cAMP has a huge __ effect | show 🗑
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| show | hundreds of reactions
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| as cAMP mechanism reaction cascades through 1 enzyme intermediate after another, number of product molecules __ __ at each step | show 🗑
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| show | sequence of reaction set into motion by cAMP
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| show | thyroxine
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| in liver, binding of glucagon activates enzymes that breakdown glycogen, releasing | show 🗑
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| show | antagonistic hormones
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| epinephrine, ACTH, FSH, LH, glucagon, PTH, TSH, & calcitonin are all hormones that | show 🗑
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| action of cAMP persists only briefly because molecules is rapidly degraded by intracellular | show 🗑
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| any of a class of enzymes that catalyze the cleaving of phosphodiester bonds, such as those between nucleotides in nucleic acids, to produce smaller nucleotide units | show 🗑
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| show | only briefly
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| in PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism, intracellular calcium ions act as | show 🗑
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| show | PIP2
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| show | PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism
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| in PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism, ___ activates protein kinase C which triggers responses within target cell | show 🗑
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| show | inositol trisphosphate (IP3)
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| PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism, __ __ takes on second-messenger role, either by directly altering activity of specific enzymes & channels or by binding to intracellular regulatory protein calmodulin | show 🗑
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| show | amplify
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| show | PIP2 mechanism
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| insulin & other growth factors work __ second messengers | show 🗑
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| tyrosine kinase enzyme that is activated by autophosphorylation when insulin binds | show 🗑
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| activated insulin receptor provides docking sites for intracellular __ proteins | show 🗑
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| initiate series of protein phosphorylations that triggers specific cell responses | show 🗑
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| in certain instances, any of second messengers & hormone receptor itself can cause changes in | show 🗑
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| show | always
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| show | messenger RNA (mRNA)
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| show | cytoplasmic ribosomes
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| show | for steroid & thyroid hormones
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| for steroid & thyroid hormones, in absence of hormone receptors are bound up in | show 🗑
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| show | protect them from proteolysis
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| show | proteolysis
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| show | dissociate
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| in order for target cell to respond to hormone, cell must have __ __ receptors on its plasma membrane or in it interior to which that hormones can bind | show 🗑
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| receptors for ACTH are normally found on certain cell of | show 🗑
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| is principal hormone stimulating cellular metabolism, and nearly all body cells have its receptors | show 🗑
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| responds to hormone binding by prompting cell to perform, or turn on, some gene-determined preprogrammed function | show 🗑
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| show | triggers
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| show | depends equally
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| show | high-affinity
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| for a given level of hormone in the blood, a smaller number of __ receptors results in reduced target cell response or outright endocrine dysfunction | show 🗑
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| show | dynamic
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| show | up-regulation
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| show | down-regulation
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| show | persistently high hormone levels
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| hormones influence number & affinity not only of their own receptors but also receptor that | show 🗑
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| progesterone induces loss of estrogen receptors in uterus, this __ estrogen's actions; while estrogen causes same cells to produce more progesterone receptors, __ ability to respond to progesterone | show 🗑
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| show | free or bound to protein carrier
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| lipid-soluble hormones travel in bloodstream attached to | show 🗑
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| __ of a circulating hormone in blood at any time reflects it rate of release & speed at which it is inactivated & removed from body | show 🗑
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| some hormones are rapidly degraded by __ in their target cells | show 🗑
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| show | kidneys or liver
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| show | urine or feces
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| show | half-life
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| __ hormones exhibit shorted half-lives | show 🗑
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| show | duration of hormone action
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| because of many variations, hormonal __ __ must be precisely & individually controlled to meet continuously changing needs of body | show 🗑
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| show | permissiveness
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| permissive effect for normal timely development of reproductive structures (along with reproductive hormones) | show 🗑
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| show | synergism
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| show | acts alone
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| when one hormone opposes action of another hormone | show 🗑
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| may compete for same receptors, act through different pathways, or even cause down-regulation of receptors for antagonistic hormone | show 🗑
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| show | negative feedback system
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| major types of stimuli trigger endocrine glands to manufacture & released their hormones | show 🗑
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| endocrine glands secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions & nutrients | show 🗑
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| show | simplest
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| hormones released in response to humoral stimuli include | show 🗑
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| show | neural stimuli
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| show | example of neural stimuli
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| most anterior pituitary hormone release is regulated by releasing/inhibiting hormones by | show 🗑
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| show | release their hormones
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| show | hypothalamic-pituitary-target endocrine organ feedback loop
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| hormonal, humoral, & neural stimuli are __ factors that affect endocrine system | show 🗑
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| feedback inhibition & others are __ factors that affect endocrine system | show 🗑
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| show | nervous
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| show | normal
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| neuroendocrine gland located beneath the brain that serves a variety of functions including regulation of gonads, thyroid, adrenal cortex, lactation, and water balance | show 🗑
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| show | hypophysis
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| show | infundibulum
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| show | posterior pituitary
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| show | pituicytes
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| show | neurohormones
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| show | hormone-storage
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| posterior pituitary plus infundibulum; portion of the pituitary gland derived from the brain | show 🗑
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| show | adenohypophysis
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| show | hypophyseal
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| show | dural sinuses
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| show | the brain
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| nerve bundles that run through the infundibulum and connect the neurohypophysis and the hypothalamus | show 🗑
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| show | neurons
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| show | oxytocin
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| show | antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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| when hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract neurons fire they release the stored hormones into a capillary bed in __ pituitary for distribution throughout the body | show 🗑
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| show | anterior lobe of pituitary
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| show | neurohypophysis
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| show | direct neural
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| show | vascular
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| unusual arrangement of blood vessels in which a capillary bed feeds into veins, which in turn feed into another capillary bed | show 🗑
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| show | the infundibulum
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| located in the infundibulum, it communicates inferiorly via the small hypophyseal portal veins with a secondary capillary plexus | show 🗑
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| primary & secondary capillary plexuses & intervening hypophyseal portal veins make up the | show 🗑
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| show | anterior pituitary
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| hypophyseal portal system is where the regulation of hormone __ takes place for the anterior pituitary | show 🗑
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| all hypothalamic regulatory hormones are __ __ based | show 🗑
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| hypothalamic regulatory hormones can be a(n) | show 🗑
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| show | hypothalamus
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| all anterior pituitary hormones are | show 🗑
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| show | pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
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| show | melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
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| show | tropic hormone
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| show | tropic
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| show | growth
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| hormone that stimulates growth in general; produced in the anterior pituitary; also called somatotropin (STH) | show 🗑
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| show | somatotrophs
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| GH promotes growth and __ actions | show 🗑
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| show | bones & skeletal muscles
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| stimulation of __ __, by GH, leads to long bone growth | show 🗑
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| show | muscle mass
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| GH is a(n) __ hormone | show 🗑
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| GH promotes protein __ | show 🗑
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| show | fats
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| family of growth-promoting proteins produced by liver, skeletal muscles, bone, & other tissues; mediated growth promoting effects of GH | show 🗑
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| IGFs produced by __ act as hormones | show 🗑
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| show | paracrines
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| IGFs stimulate actions required for growth by uptake of nutrients from blood & their incorporation into proteins & DNA allowing growth by | show 🗑
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| IGFs stimulate actions required for growth through formation of __ & deposition of __ __ | show 🗑
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| show | fatty acids
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| acting directly GH __ rate of glucose uptake and metabolism | show 🗑
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| show | release of glucose to blood
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| show | glucose sparing
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| hormone from hypothalamus that stimulates GH release | show 🗑
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| show | growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
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| GHIH releases is triggered by __ of GH & IGFs | show 🗑
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| show | inhibit
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| GH has a daily cycle with the highest levels occurring during | show 🗑
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| GHIH __ release of thyroid-stimulating hormone | show 🗑
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| GHIH is produced in the gut where its release inhibits virtually all gastrointestinal & pancreatic __ | show 🗑
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| excessive growth of the body or any of its parts, especially as a result of oversecretion of the growth hormone by the pituitary gland | show 🗑
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| chronic disease of adults marked by enlargement of the bones of the extremities, face, and jaw that is caused by overactivity of the pituitary gland secretion of GH | show 🗑
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| show | pituitary dwarfism
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| tropic adenohypophyseal hormone that regulates secretion of thyroid hormones | show 🗑
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| show | thyrotopin
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| release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) follows | show 🗑
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| cells of anterior pituitary that release TSH | show 🗑
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| triggers thyrotrophs to release TSH | show 🗑
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| show | inhibit TSH secretion
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| anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones | show 🗑
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| show | corticotropin
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| show | corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
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| ACTH levels peak in | show 🗑
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| rising levels of glucocorticoids feed back and __ secretion of CRH & ACTH release | show 🗑
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| show | fever, hypoglycemia, & stressors of all types
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| show | follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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| anterior pituitary hormone that aids maturation of cells in the ovary and triggers ovulation in females; in males, causes the interstitial cells of the testis to produce testosterone | show 🗑
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| show | gonadotropins
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| in both sexes FSH stimulates __ production | show 🗑
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| show | egg-containing ovarian follicle
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| show | gonadal
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| in females, LH independently triggers __ | show 🗑
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| show | ovarian
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| show | interstitial cells
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| show | absent
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| show | gonads to mature
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| in both sexes, produced by hypothalamus, gondaotropin release by anterior pituitary is promoted by | show 🗑
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| show | gonadal hormones
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| show | prolactin (PRL)
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| show | dopamine
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| prolactin-releasing factor | show 🗑
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| show | estrogen
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| show | directly & indirectly
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| most frequent abnormality of anterior pituitary tumors | show 🗑
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| show | posterior pituitary
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| composed of 9 amino acids; differ in only 2 amino acids | show 🗑
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| show | ADH
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| show | oxytocin
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| oxytocin acts via __ second-messenger system to mobilize Ca2+ allowing stronger contractions | show 🗑
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| show | positive feedback mechanisms
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| show | diuresis
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| substance that inhibits or prevent urine formation | show 🗑
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| show | antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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| ADH is also called | show 🗑
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| ADH prevents wide swings in __ balance | show 🗑
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| show | osmoreceptor
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| ADH targets __ __ via cAMP | show 🗑
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| show | ADH release
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| drinking alcoholic beverages __ ADH secretion | show 🗑
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| show | antagonize
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| show | vasoconstriction
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| show | diabetes insipidus
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| pulmonary cancers are known to | show 🗑
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| show | syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
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| show | thyroid gland
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| show | isthmus
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| show | follicles
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| formed largely by cubiodal or squamous epithelial cells & produce glycoprotein thyrogolubulin | show 🗑
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| show | lumen
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| lumen of thyroid follicle __ colloid | show 🗑
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| amber-colored, sticky substance in the thyroid gland containing thyroglobulin protein with attached iodine atoms | show 🗑
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| derived from iodinated thyroglobulin | show 🗑
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| population of cells in thyroid gland that produce calcitonin; lie in follicular epithelium but protrude into soft connective tissue that separates & surrounds thyroid follicles | show 🗑
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| major hormone secreted by thyroid follicles; stimulates enzymes concerned with glucose oxidation | show 🗑
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| thyroid hormone (TH) is often referred to as the body's | show 🗑
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| iodine-containing hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; accelerates cellular metabolic rate in most body tissues; major hormone secreted by thyroid follicles | show 🗑
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| show | triiodothyronine (T3)
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| most T3 is formed at the target tissue by | show 🗑
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| show | initiates transcription of mRNA for protein synthesis
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| show | has calorigenic effect
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| show | calorigenic effect
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| TH provokes increase in number of __ receptors in blood vessels, playing important role in maintaining blood pressure | show 🗑
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| show | TH
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| thyroid gland has ability to store its hormone extracellulary & stored amount remains constant & sufficient to provide levels of hormone release for | show 🗑
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| show | secrete stored thyroid hormone
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| when TSH from anterior pituitary binds to receptors on thyroid follicle cells, second response is to | show 🗑
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| show | lower
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| TSH levels __ just before sleep | show 🗑
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| TSH levels remain __ during the night | show 🗑
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| show | step 1 synthesis of TH by follicle cells
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| iodide is trapped by active transport by follicle cell, then moves into lumen by facilitated diffusion | show 🗑
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| show | step 3 synthesis of TH by follicle cells
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| show | step 4 synthesis of TH by follicle cells
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| attachment of 1 iodine to a tyrosine produces | show 🗑
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| show | diiodotyrosine (DIT or T2)
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| show | step 5 synthesis of TH by follicle cells
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| 2 DITs result in | show 🗑
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| show | T3
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| thyroglobulin colloid is endocystosed; follicle cells must reclaim iodinated thyroglobulin by endocytosis & combine vesicles with lysosomes | show 🗑
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| lysosomal enzymes cleave T4 & T3 from thyroglobulin & hormones diffuse from follicle cell into bloodstream | show 🗑
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| some T4 cane be converted to T3 __ secretion | show 🗑
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| most T3 is generated in | show 🗑
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| most T3 & T4 released immediately binds to transport proteins, most importantly | show 🗑
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| thyroxine-binding globulins (TBGs) are produced by | show 🗑
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| show | much more avidly & is about 10x more active
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| most peripheral tissues have enzymes needed to convert T4 to T3 by | show 🗑
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| show | negative feedback loop
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| show | release
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| show | inhibit
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| condition that increase body energy requirements, such pregnancy & exposure of infants to cold, stimulate hypothalamus to secrete __ __ which triggers TSH release allowing it to overcome negative feedback controls | show 🗑
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| GHIH, dopamine, & rising levels of glucocorticoids are factors that | show 🗑
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| excessively high blood iodine concentrations inhibit | show 🗑
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| condition resulting from underactive thyroid gland in adults | show 🗑
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| show | endemic/colloidal goiter
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| severe hypothyroidism in infants | show 🗑
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| disorder resulting from hyperactive thyroid gland | show 🗑
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||||
| protrusion of eyeballs, if tissue behind eyes becomes edematous & then fibrous; common in Grave's disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | calcitonin
🗑
|
||||
| calcitonin is produced by | show 🗑
|
||||
| effect of calcitonin is is to __ blood Ca2+ | show 🗑
|
||||
| calcitonin has an antagonizing effect on __ hormone | show 🗑
|
||||
| targets of calcitonin include | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | osteoclast
🗑
|
||||
| show | stimulates
🗑
|
||||
| show | bone-sparing
🗑
|
||||
| show | humoral
🗑
|
||||
| declining blood Ca2+ levels inhibit C cell __ Activity | show 🗑
|
||||
| calcitonin is given therapeutically to patient's with | show 🗑
|
||||
| small endocrine glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | oxyphil; chief
🗑
|
||||
| show | chief cells
🗑
|
||||
| acidophilic cells found in the parathyroid glands | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | parathyroid hormone (PTH)/parathormone
🗑
|
||||
| show | transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, & blood clotting
🗑
|
||||
| show | falling
🗑
|
||||
| show | rising
🗑
|
||||
| show | skeleton, kidneys, & intestine
🗑
|
||||
| show | calcium salts
🗑
|
||||
| show | osteoclast
🗑
|
||||
| show | step 1 PTH
🗑
|
||||
| enhances reabsorption of Ca2+, as well as excretion of phosphate (PO43-) by kidneys | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | step 3 PTH
🗑
|
||||
| show | vitamin D
🗑
|
||||
| show | inactive form
🗑
|
||||
| show | calcitriol
🗑
|
||||
| group of active metabolites of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3);increases intestinal absorption of calcium & phosphate, enhances bone resorption, & prevents rickets | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hyperparathyroidism
🗑
|
||||
| bones have moth-eaten appearance on x-rays & tend to fracture spontaneously | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypercalcemia
🗑
|
||||
| hypercalcemia causes __ of nervous system and formation of __ stones | show 🗑
|
||||
| calcium deposits that form is soft tissues throughout body & severely impair vital organ functioning | show 🗑
|
||||
| PTH deficiency; often follows parathyroid gland trauma or removal during thyroid surgery | show 🗑
|
||||
| extended deficiency of dietary magnesium, required for PTH secretion) can cause | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypocalcemia
🗑
|
||||
| hypocalcemia resulting from functional hypoparathyroidism __ excitability of neurons & accounts for classical symptoms of tetany | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | tetany
🗑
|
||||
| show | respiratory paralysis & death
🗑
|
||||
| hormone-producing pyramid-shaped organs located superior to kidneys; each consists of medulla & cortex areas | show 🗑
|
||||
| adrenal glands are enclosed in | show 🗑
|
||||
| adrenal glands are often referred to as | show 🗑
|
||||
| each adrenal glands is structurally & functionally | show 🗑
|
||||
| inner portion; more like a knot of nervous tissue; part of sympathetic nervous system | show 🗑
|
||||
| outer portion; encapsulating medulla & forming bulk of gland; glandular tissue derived from embryonic mesoderm | show 🗑
|
||||
| each region of adrenal gland produces | show 🗑
|
||||
| all adrenal hormones help up | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | corticosteroids
🗑
|
||||
| show | cholesterol
🗑
|
||||
| steroid hormones are not __ in cells | show 🗑
|
||||
| the rate of steroid hormone release in response to stimulation depends on their | show 🗑
|
||||
| large, lipid-laden cortical cells of adrenal cortex are arranged in | show 🗑
|
||||
| cell clusters forming superficial layer; produce mineralocorticoids | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mineralocorticoids
🗑
|
||||
| show | zona fasciculata
🗑
|
||||
| show | glucocorticoids
🗑
|
||||
| show | zona reticularis
🗑
|
||||
| show | gonadocorticoids
🗑
|
||||
| 2 innermost layers of adrenal cortex __ __ of glucocorticoids & gonadocorticoids, although each layer predominately produces one type | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Na+
🗑
|
||||
| show | volume
🗑
|
||||
| where Na+ goes __ follows | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | changes in Na+ blood concentration
🗑
|
||||
| coupled to Na+ is regulation of other ions, including | show 🗑
|
||||
| sets the resting membrane potential of cells & determine how easily action potentials are generated in nerve & muscle | show 🗑
|
||||
| Na+ & K+ __ are crucial to overall body homeostasis | show 🗑
|
||||
| hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion by the kidneys | show 🗑
|
||||
| aldosterone is the most __ mineralocorticoid | show 🗑
|
||||
| aldosterone accounts for __ __ 95% of the mineralocorticoids produced | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | reduces
🗑
|
||||
| show | distal
🗑
|
||||
| show | acid-base
🗑
|
||||
| aldosterone __ Na+ reabsorption from perspiration, saliva, & gastric juice | show 🗑
|
||||
| aldosterone's regulatory effects are __ lasting approx. 20 minutes, allowing plasma electrolyte balance to be precisely controlled | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mechanism of aldosterone activity
🗑
|
||||
| show | cardiovascular
🗑
|
||||
| in cardiovascular organs aldosterone is a(n) | show 🗑
|
||||
| aldosterone secretion is __ by decreasing blood volume & pressure, as well as rising levels of K+ | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mechanisms that regulate aldosterone secretion
🗑
|
||||
| hormone released by the kidneys that is involved with raising blood pressure | show 🗑
|
||||
| influences both blood volume & pressure by regulating release of aldosterone and therefore Na+ & water reabsorption by kidneys | show 🗑
|
||||
| in renin-angiotensin mechanism, specialized cells of __ __ in kidneys become excited when blood pressure/volume declines, and thus release renin | show 🗑
|
||||
| in renin-angiotensin mechanism, when renin is released it cleaves off part of plasma protein angiotensinogen, which triggers | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | angiotensin II
🗑
|
||||
| all of effects of renin-angiotensin mechanism are ultimately involved in | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | plasma concentration of K+to regulate aldosterone secretion mechanism
🗑
|
||||
| under severe stress, hypothalamus secretes more corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 7 resulting rise in ACTH blood levels steps up rate of aldosterone secretion to small extent; resulting in increased blood volume/pressure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
🗑
|
||||
| one of major effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is to | show 🗑
|
||||
| ANP blocks renin & aldosterone secretion & inhibits other __ mechanisms that enhance water & Na+ reabsorption | show 🗑
|
||||
| decrease blood pressure by allowing Na+ (and water_ to flow out of body in urine | show 🗑
|
||||
| producing salty urine | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | aldosteronism
🗑
|
||||
| if K+ loss is __ neurons become nonresponsive & muscle weakness (eventually paralysis) occurs | show 🗑
|
||||
| hyposecretory disease of adrenal cortex, generally involving a deficient output of both mineralocorticoids & glucocorticoids | show 🗑
|
||||
| glucocorticoids are adrenal cortex hormones that | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | blood glucose; vasoconstrictors
🗑
|
||||
| severe stress due to hemorrhage, infection, or physical/emotional trauma evokes a dramatically __ output of glucocorticoids, which help body negotiate crisis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | glucocorticoid hormones
🗑
|
||||
| glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex; release is promoted by ACTH; rising levels feed back to act on both hypothalamus & anterior pituitary | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | modify gene activity
🗑
|
||||
| glucocorticoid secretion is regulated by | show 🗑
|
||||
| driven by patterns of eating & activity, occur in a definite pattern throughout day & night | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | shortly before
🗑
|
||||
| __ __ of cortisol occur in evening just before and shortly after we fall asleep | show 🗑
|
||||
| __ __ __ can be interrupted by acute stress of any variety as higher CNS center override the usually inhibitory effects of elevated cortisol level & trigger CRH release | show 🗑
|
||||
| under __ __ the resulting increase in ACTH blood levels causes an outpouring of cortisol from adrenal cortex | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | dramatic rise
🗑
|
||||
| show | prime metabolic
🗑
|
||||
| show | gluconeogenesis
🗑
|
||||
| in order to save glucose for the __, cortisol mobilizes fatty acids from adipose tissue & encourages their increased use for energy | show 🗑
|
||||
| under cortisol's influence, __ __ are broken down to provide building blocks for repair or for making enzymes to be used in metabolic processes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | sympathetic
🗑
|
||||
| show | excess
🗑
|
||||
| show | excessive levels of glucocorticoids
🗑
|
||||
| show | glucocorticoid drugs
🗑
|
||||
| pathology of glucocorticoid excess; may be caused by ACTH-releasing pituitary tumor, ACTH-releasing malignancy of lungs, pancreas, or kidneys, or tumor of adrenal cortex | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pharmacological doses
🗑
|
||||
| show | Cushing's syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| show | steroid diabetes
🗑
|
||||
| include swollen "moon" face, redistribution of fat to the abdomen & posterior neck, tendency to bruise, & poor wound healing | show 🗑
|
||||
| major hyposecretory disorder of adrenal cortex, usually involves deficits in both glucocorticoids & mineralcorticoids; weight loss, plasma glucose & sodium levels drop, & potassium levels rise | show 🗑
|
||||
| sex hormones, primarily androgens, secreted by the adrenal cortex | show 🗑
|
||||
| hormone such as testosterone that controls male secondary sex characteristics | show 🗑
|
||||
| androstenedione & dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are converted to __ in tissue cells in males | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | estrogens
🗑
|
||||
| show | adrenogenital syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| spherical cell that stains readily with chromium salts, especially a cell of the adrenal medulla | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | sympathetic neurons
🗑
|
||||
| chief hormone produced by the adrenal medulla; also called adrenaline | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | norepinephrine (NE)
🗑
|
||||
| show | molecular sequence
🗑
|
||||
| show | when sympathetic nervous system is mobilized, in flight-or-flight
🗑
|
||||
| release of catecholamines from adrenal medulla reinforce or prolong | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | epinephrine
🗑
|
||||
| catecholamine that has greater influence on peripheral vasoconstriction & blood pressure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | acute asthmatic attack
🗑
|
||||
| catecholamines cause relatively __ responses to stressors | show 🗑
|
||||
| deficiency of hormones of adrenal medulla is not a problem because these hormones merely __ activities set into motion by sympathetic nervous system | show 🗑
|
||||
| adrenal catecholamines __ __ essential for life | show 🗑
|
||||
| produces symptoms of uncontrolled sympathetic nervous system activity | show 🗑
|
||||
| symptoms include hyperglycemia, increased metabolic rate, rapid heartbeat & palpitations, hypertension, intense nervousness & sweating; tumor of chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla | show 🗑
|
||||
| hormone-secreting part of diencephalon of brain thought to be involved in setting biological clock & influencing reproductive function | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | melatonin
🗑
|
||||
| pineal gland indirectly receives input from __ pathways concerning the intensity & duration of daylight | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | suprachiasmatic nucleus
🗑
|
||||
| show | pancreas
🗑
|
||||
| show | acinar cells
🗑
|
||||
| tiny cell clusters (scattered among acinar cells)that produce pancreatic hormones | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | islets of Langerhans
🗑
|
||||
| glucagon-synthesizing cells of pancreas | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | beta cells
🗑
|
||||
| show | alpha & beta cells
🗑
|
||||
| show | hypoglycemic
🗑
|
||||
| show | hypoglycemic
🗑
|
||||
| show | pancreatic islet
🗑
|
||||
| hormone formed by alpha cells of pancreatic islets; raises the glucose level of blood; 29-amino-acid polypeptide | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | glucose
🗑
|
||||
| show | glycogenolysis
🗑
|
||||
| glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, release of glucose to blood by liver cells, causing blood glucose levels to rise | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | secondary effect of glucagon
🗑
|
||||
| humoral stimuli, falling glucose levels, prompt __ cells to secrete glucagon | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | stimulatory
🗑
|
||||
| glucagon release is __ by rising blood glucose levels, insulin, & somatostatin | show 🗑
|
||||
| hormone that enhances carrier-mediated diffusion of glucose into tissue cells, thus lowering blood glucose levels; small protein consisting of 2 amino acid chains linked by disulfide bonds | show 🗑
|
||||
| insulin is synthesized as part of a larger polypeptide chain called | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lower
🗑
|
||||
| show | functional
🗑
|
||||
| show | from the beta cells
🗑
|
||||
| insulin's effects are most obvious when we have | show 🗑
|
||||
| main effect of insulin is to | show 🗑
|
||||
| insulin also influences | show 🗑
|
||||
| circulating insulin lowers blood glucose levels by enhancing membrane __ of glucose into body cells, especially muscle & fat | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | breakdown
🗑
|
||||
| circulating insulin lowers blood glucose levels by __ conversion of amino acids or fats to glucose | show 🗑
|
||||
| insulin does no accelerate glucose entry into liver, kidney, & brain tissues because | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | brain
🗑
|
||||
| inhibiting effects of insulin counter any metabolic activity that would increase __ __ of glucose | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | tyrosine kinase
🗑
|
||||
| show | oxidation
🗑
|
||||
| show | form glycogen
🗑
|
||||
| show | fat, particularly in adipose tissue
🗑
|
||||
| as a rule, energy need are met first, followed by __ __ | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | converted to fat
🗑
|
||||
| insulin stimulates amino acid uptake & protein synthesis in | show 🗑
|
||||
| pancreatic beta cells are stimulated to secrete insulin chiefly by | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | plasma levels
🗑
|
||||
| show | parasympathetic
🗑
|
||||
| as body cells take up glucose & other nutrients, and plasma levels of these substances drop, insulin secretion | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hyperglycemia hormones
🗑
|
||||
| any hyperglycemia hormone called into action as blood glucose levels drop __ __ insulin release by promoting glucose entry into bloodstream | show 🗑
|
||||
| somatostatin & sympathetic nervous system activation __ insulin release | show 🗑
|
||||
| insulin is the major __ __ that counterbalances the many hypoglycemic hormones | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | diabetes mellitus (DM)
🗑
|
||||
| excess of glucose lost from body in urine | show 🗑
|
||||
| fatty acid metabolites; strong organic acids | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lipidemia
🗑
|
||||
| when ketones accumulate in blood, the blood pH drops and ketones begin to spill into the urine | show 🗑
|
||||
| ketones begin to spill into the urine | show 🗑
|
||||
| polyuria, polydipsia, & polyphagia are the three __ __ of diabetes mellitus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | osmotic diuretic
🗑
|
||||
| excessive urine output | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | polydipsia
🗑
|
||||
| show | polyphagia
🗑
|
||||
| excessive insulin secretion | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | results in
🗑
|
||||
| hyperinsulinism can result from __ __ tumor | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | overdose
🗑
|
||||
| male & female gonads produce steroid sex hormones __ to those produced by adrenal cortical cells | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | estrogen & progesterone
🗑
|
||||
| show | placenta
🗑
|
||||
| include estrogens & progesterone, as well as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) | show 🗑
|
||||
| prompts kidneys to increase their production of salty urine & inhibits aldosterone release by adrenal cortex; thereby decreasing amount of sodium in extracellular fluid, reducing blood volume & pressure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | enteroendocrine cells
🗑
|
||||
| show | entering bloodstream
🗑
|
||||
| show | paraneurons
🗑
|
||||
| show | erythropoietin (EPO)
🗑
|
||||
| erythropoietin is secreted by interstitial cells in | show 🗑
|
||||
| hormones function of kidneys is secretion of | show 🗑
|
||||
| inactive form of vitamin D, when modified cholesterol molecules in epidermal cells are exposed to UV radiation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | skin
🗑
|
||||
| show | liver; kidneys
🗑
|
||||
| calcitrol is __ __ of carrier system that intestinal cells use to absorb Ca2+ from ingested food | show 🗑
|
||||
| hormone released by fat cells that signals satiety; serves to tell body how much stored energy is available | show 🗑
|
||||
| leptin binds to CNS neurons concerned with __ __ | show 🗑
|
||||
| hormones released by adipose cells that affect sensitivity of cells to insulin | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | resistin
🗑
|
||||
| enhances sensitivity to insulin & is secreted by adipose tissue | show 🗑
|
||||
| hormone secreted by osteoblasts that prods pancreatic beta cells to divide & secrete more insulin; restricts fat storage by adipocytes & triggers release of adiponectin | show 🗑
|
||||
| is that glucose handling is improved & body fat is reduced | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | low
🗑
|
||||
| show | thymus
🗑
|
||||
| show | thymulin, thymopoietins, & thymosins
🗑
|
||||
| thymulin, thymopoietins, & thymosins are called hormones but they | show 🗑
|
||||
| hormone-producing glands arise from | show 🗑
|
||||
| endocrine glands derived from __ produce steroid hormones | show 🗑
|
||||
| endocrinology involves the study of | show 🗑
|
||||
| steroids are | show 🗑
|
||||
| any given hormone will influence the activity of | show 🗑
|
||||
| PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism is mechanisms of hormone action in which | show 🗑
|
||||
| down-regulation involves | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | antagonism
🗑
|
||||
| show | inhibit further hormone release
🗑
|
||||
| show | many of the numerous hormones it produces regulate the activity of other endocrine glands
🗑
|
||||
| show | hypothalamus
🗑
|
||||
| show | most body cells to increase in size and divide
🗑
|
||||
| show | hyposecretion of growth hormone
🗑
|
||||
| follicle-stimulating hormone | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | oxytocin rise
🗑
|
||||
| show | adrenergic receptors
🗑
|
||||
| chief cells are | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lead to paralysis/death
🗑
|
||||
| show | deficits in both glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids
🗑
|
||||
| adenohypophysis secretes | show 🗑
|
||||
| neurohypophysis secretes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | calcitonin
🗑
|
||||
| show | aldosterone
🗑
|
||||
| show | melatonin
🗑
|
||||
| FSH | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mobilizes fats, spares glucose, and promotes the protein synthesis necessary for growth
🗑
|
||||
| ACTH | show 🗑
|
||||
| TSH | show 🗑
|
||||
| ADH | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | high levels of blood sugar
🗑
|
||||
| show | loss of body fluids
🗑
|
||||
| show | loss of Na+ from extracellular fluids
🗑
|
||||
| condition that would be balanced by thyroxine | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | decrease in blood Ca+ levels
🗑
|
||||
| function of thyroid-stimulating hormone | show 🗑
|
||||
| function of growth hormone | show 🗑
|
||||
| function of oxytocin | show 🗑
|
||||
| function of adrenocorticotropic hormone | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | affects functions of ovaries & testes
🗑
|
||||
| site of release & function of TSH | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | anterior pituitary; causes ovarian follicles to grow & produce estrogen & spermatogenesis in testes
🗑
|
||||
| show | anterior pituitary; causes ovulation & interstitial cells to produce testosterone in testes
🗑
|
||||
| site of release & function of oxytocin | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | posterior pituitary; causes kidneys to conserve water
🗑
|
||||
| show | stimulates mild production
🗑
|
||||
| function of oxytocin | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | increase metabolic rate
🗑
|
||||
| function of calcitonin | show 🗑
|
||||
| function of parathyroid hormone | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | thyroid gland
🗑
|
||||
| gland/organ that produces parathyroid hormone | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pituitary gland
🗑
|
||||
| show | adrenal cortex
🗑
|
||||
| show | adrenal medulla
🗑
|
||||
| pineal gland produces | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | testosterone
🗑
|
||||
| show | thymosin
🗑
|
||||
| show | atrial natriuretic peptide
🗑
|
||||
| show | human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
🗑
|
||||
| function of melatonin | show 🗑
|
||||
| function of testosterone | show 🗑
|
||||
| function of thymosin | show 🗑
|
||||
| function of atrial natriuretic peptide | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | helps to sustain pregnancy
🗑
|
||||
| hormone that adipose tissue produces | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cholecalciferol
🗑
|
||||
| hormone that kidney produces | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cholecystokinin
🗑
|
||||
| hormone that stomach produces | show 🗑
|
||||
| function of leptin | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | activated by the kidneys to Vitamin D; stimulates active absorption of Ca2+ by intestinal cells
🗑
|
||||
| function of erythropoietin | show 🗑
|
||||
| function of cholecystokinin | show 🗑
|
||||
| function of gastrin | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pancreas
🗑
|
||||
| organ that produces TSH | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | thyroid gland
🗑
|
||||
| organ that produces renin | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
🗑
|
||||
| function of glucagon | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine
🗑
|
||||
| show | increases the metabolic rate
🗑
|
||||
| function of erythropoietin | show 🗑
|
||||
| function of ADH | show 🗑
|
||||
| category of hormone of FSH & LH | show 🗑
|
||||
| category of hormone of cortisol | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | gonadocorticoids
🗑
|
||||
| show | mineralocorticoids
🗑
|
||||
| show | regulate functions of gonads in both sexes
🗑
|
||||
| function of glucocorticoids | show 🗑
|
||||
| function of androgens | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | regulate Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys and thereby regulates other electrolyte levels
🗑
|
||||
| hormone produced by posterior pituitary | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | growth hormone
🗑
|
||||
| show | insulin
🗑
|
||||
| hormone produced by adrenal cortex | show 🗑
|
||||
| hormone produced by adrenal medulla | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | causes kidneys to conserve water
🗑
|
||||
| show | stimulates embryonic cells (stem cells) to undergo mitosis
🗑
|
||||
| function of insulin | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | increases Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys
🗑
|
||||
| show | increases cell reactions during sympathetic response
🗑
|
||||
| hormone that would help to restore the balance for homeostatic imbalance of lowered levels of Ca2+ in the blood | show 🗑
|
||||
| hormone that would help to restore the balance for homeostatic imbalance of too much Ca2+ in blood | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | insulin
🗑
|
||||
| show | glucagon
🗑
|
||||
| hormone that would help to restore the balance for homeostatic imbalance of excessive levels of Na+ in extracellular fluids | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | posterior pituitary
🗑
|
||||
| show | adrenal cortex
🗑
|
||||
| gland that would produce the hormone needed to restore homeostasis for high blood sugar due to eating too many sweets | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | parathyroid
🗑
|
||||
| gland that would produce the hormone needed to restore homeostasis for delayed/stunted growth | show 🗑
|
||||
| homeostatic imbalance of gigantism would be due to the hormone deficiency/overproduction of | show 🗑
|
||||
| homeostatic imbalance of diabetes mellitus would be due to the hormone deficiency/overproduction of | show 🗑
|
||||
| homeostatic imbalance of sympathetic nervous system overactivity would be due to the hormone deficiency/overproduction of | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypersecretion of thyroid hormone
🗑
|
||||
| homeostatic imbalance of diabetes insipidus would be due to the hormone deficiency/overproduction of | show 🗑
|
||||
| principle hormone produced by zona reticularis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mineralocorticoids
🗑
|
||||
| principle hormone produced by zona fasciculate | show 🗑
|
||||
| principle hormone produced by beta cells | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | monitoring blood levels of substances and correct them
🗑
|
||||
| show | axons cause hormone release
🗑
|
||||
| show | hormone release is dependent upon other hormone levels
🗑
|
||||
| show | kidneys
🗑
|
||||
| produce the hormones renin and erythropoietin | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | excretion of body waste
🗑
|
||||
| steroid hormones influence cellular activities by | show 🗑
|
||||
| steroid hormones enter cell & form DNA/hormone complex before they | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | produce epinephrine & norepinephrine
🗑
|
||||
| is either amino acid-based hormones or steroids | show 🗑
|
||||
| __ __ of most body tissues is controlled directly by TH | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | humoral stimuli
🗑
|
||||
| show | high blood glucose concentration
🗑
|
||||
| show | steroid hormones
🗑
|
||||
| iodine is required for | show 🗑
|
||||
| hypophyseal portal system transports releasing & inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus to | show 🗑
|
||||
| signal that would affect local cells by releasing chemicals into extracellular fluid | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | CANNOT exhibit
🗑
|
||||
| NOT a true hormone, but, rather, a trophic substance | show 🗑
|
||||
| hypothalamus is considered a __ organ | show 🗑
|
||||
| protein kinases affect enzymes by | show 🗑
|
||||
| "hormone response element" is located on the | show 🗑
|
||||
| "hormone response element" represents | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | shortest half-life
🗑
|
||||
| show | directly overridden
🗑
|
||||
| show | prohormone
🗑
|
||||
| iodination of thyroid hormones is mediated by | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | deficiency of thyroxin
🗑
|
||||
| osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused by | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | adipose tissue
🗑
|
||||
| somatostatin is considered paracrine because it acts on | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | increased urine output
🗑
|
||||
| show | from adrenal medulla
🗑
|
||||
| adrenal medulla is a(n) __ stimulated gland | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | type I
🗑
|
||||
| hormones of the thymus gland are essential in | show 🗑
|
||||
| __ __, main cells of immune system, mature in thymus gland, where they are stimulated by thymosin hormones | show 🗑
|
||||
| secretion of digestive enzymes is a(n) __ function for the pancreas | show 🗑
|
||||
| for the pancreas, production of insulin and glucagon is a(n) __ function | show 🗑
|
||||
| is high at night and low during daylight hours | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | produce hormones
🗑
|
||||
| synthesis & release, or blood levels, of most hormones are regulated by a(n) __ __ | show 🗑
|
||||
| __ __ for oxytocin are the smooth muscle cells of the uterus and the myoepithelial cells of the mammary glands | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | secreted into
🗑
|
||||
| most hormones can be __ __ as either amino-acid based/steroids | show 🗑
|
||||
| hormones are __ __ signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | extracellular fluid
🗑
|
||||
| hormones that are derived from __ are called steroids | show 🗑
|
||||
| hormones may communicate with their target cells __ __ to an extracellular receptor | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | gene activation
🗑
|
||||
| a given hormone influences __ __ __ referred to as "target cells" | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | regulates activity
🗑
|
||||
| thymic hormones are involved in __ | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | opposite
🗑
|
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