AP chem ch2 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
chemistry | science of the structure of matter |
matter | anything that has mass and takes up space |
mass | the amount of material in matter (on earth mass=weight, in space you have no weight but have mass) |
atom | the smallest stable units of matter |
subatomic particles | the particls that make up atoms. Protons, neutrons, electrons |
electrical charges of subatomic particles | protons (+), neutrons (n), electrons (-) |
atoms have ___ numbers of protons and neutrons | equal |
atomic number | number of protons in an atom |
simplest atom | hydrogen, 1 proton and 1 electron |
element | a pure substance composed of atoms of just one type (ie- O2) |
trace elements | elements present in small amounts |
isotopes | atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons (ie- hydrogen can have 1, 2 or 3 netrons [H, 2H, 3H]) |
radioisotopes | unstable isotopes that break down and emit subatomic particles (radiation). Emissions (radiation) can damage cells or molecules) |
radioactive decay | the breakdown of radioisotopes. Emits radiation (subatomic particles) |
half-life | time required for one half of a given amount of a radioisotope to decay |
mass number | the total number of subatomic particles in the nucleus of an atom (P+N=mass#) |
atomic weight | the actual mass of an atom |
atom's 1st energy level (e- shell) holds how many electrons? | 2 |
atom's 2nd and 3rd energy levels (e- shells) contains how many electrons? | 8 |
valence shell | the outer electron shell |
inert | elements that do not readily participate in chemical reactions because their outer electron rings are full |
reactive | elements that interact with other atoms because their outer electron shells are not full |
chemical bond | holds atoms together after a reaction |
three types of chemical bonds | 1-ionic bonds 2-covalent bonds 3-hydrogen bonds |
molecule | structure of atoms held together by covalent bonds (sharing electrons) |
compound | chemical substance made up of atoms of two or more DIFFERENT elements (does not have to be via a covalent bond) |
why aren't all compunds considered molecules? | b/c some compounds involve ionic bonds instead of covalent bonds |
why aren't all molecules considered compounds? | b/c some molecules are made up of the same types of atoms (O2) |
ion | atoms or molecules with a positive or negative electrical charge |
cation | an atom or molecule with a positive(+) charge |
anion | an atom or molecule with a negative(-) charge |
what gives an ion its electrical charge? | an unequal number of protons and electrons (each proton +1, each electron -1) Na++ has two more protons than electrons |
electron donor | loses electrons to another atom/molecule making it a cation (+) |
electron acceptor | gains electrons from a donor making it an anion (-) |
ionic bond | ions held together by the attraction created by their opposite charges (+ and -) |
ionic compound | compound formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions (ie-NaCl) |
covalent bond | atoms complete their outer rins and become stable by sharing electrons with other atoms |
single covalent bond | when atoms share one pair of electrons in a covalent bond (ie- hydrogen molecule) H2 |
double covalent bond | atoms share two pair of electrons in a covalent bond (Oxygen molecule) |
free radical | an ion or molecule with an unpaired electron in its outer energy level. this makes it highly reactive and destructive towards compounds like proteins |
types of covalent bonds found with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide molecules? | HONC-1234. hydrogen single, oxygen double, nitrogen triple and carbon dioxide quadruple covalent bonds |
nonpolar covalent bonds | atoms of the same element share electrons equally making them electrically neutral |
polar covalent bonds | when a molecule is made of atoms of different elements, one element has a stronger attraction to electrons giving that element a slight negative charge and the other a slight positive charge (in H2O, O2 attracts e- stronger therefore is slightly negative) |
polar molecule | a molecule with a polar covalent bond. makes one side of the molecule + and one side - |
hydrogen bond | attraction between + charge on a hydrogen and a - charge of an oxygen or other molecule with a polar covalent bond |
are hydrogen bonds weak or strong? | weak, they can't create molecules but they can attract molecules or change their shape |
surface tension | hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules that act as a barrier preventing small objects from entering the water. |
solid | state of matter that maintains shape and volume at normal temps and pressures |
liquid | state of matter with a constant volume but not a fixed shape |
gas | state of matter with no constant volume or shape |
chemical reaction | chemical bonds between atoms forming or breaking |
reactants | the substances that react with each other in a chemical reaction |
products | the result of a chemical reaction between reactants |
metabolism | all of the chemical reactions taking place in the body at a given time |
work | the movement of an object or change in the chemical structure of matter |
energy | ability to perform work |
kinetic energy | energy of motion (energy doing work) |
potential energy | stored energy (energy with potential to do work) |
each time energy is transferred, some is released as ___ | heat |
catabolism (decomposition reaction) | the breakdown of a molecule into smaller fragments. releases energy. |
anabolism (synthesis reaction) | assembly of small molecules into larger ones through the formation of chemical bonds. requires use of energy. |
heat | increase in random molecular motion |
dehydration synthesis | forming a complex molecule by the removal of water (opposite of hydrolysis) |
how many chemical elements does the body contain? | 26 |
nutrients | essential elements and molecules obtained from diet |
metabolites | all molecules (including nutrients) that can be synthesized or broken down by our body |
inorganic compound | does not contain hydrogen or carbon as part of its primary structure |
organic compound | contains carbon and/or hydrogen as part of its primary structure |
hydrolysis | chemical decomposition in which a compound is split into other compounds by reacting with water (opposite of dehydration synthesis) |
most important inorganic compounds in the body | CO2, H2O, O2 |
most important substance in the body | H2O |
H2O is how much of total body weight? | 2/3 |
solubility | organic or inorganic molecules will dissolve or break up in water |
solution | molecular mixture of two or more substances. |
solvent | the medium in which molecules, ions or atoms are dispersed in (the liquid portion of solution) |
solute | substance dispersed in liquid (solvent) in a solution |
aqueous solution | a solution in which water is the solvent |
unique properties of water | solubility, reactivity (hydrolysis, etc), high heat capacity, lubrication |
ionization (dissociation) | compounds held together via ionic bonds break apart in water b/c the bonds are broken by the +/- poles of H2O molecules |
electrolytes | soluble inorganic molecules whose ions conduct electrical current |
result of hyperkalemia (too much K+) | dysrhythmia |
result of hypokalemia (too little K+) | muscular paralysis |
hydrophilic | having a strong affinity for water b/c they are polar and their electrical charges attract H2O |
hydrophobic | nonpolar molecules do not interact readily with water b/c there is no electrical charges to attract H2O |
NaCl | sodium chloride Na+, Cl- |
KCl | potassium chloride K+, Cl- |
NaHCO3 | sodium bicarbonate Na+, HCO3- |
MgCl2 | magnesium chloride Mg++, 2Cl- |
colloid | solution containing proteins or other large molecules that won't settle out of the solvent |
suspension | contains large particles but if left undisturbed, gravity will cause solute particles to settle out |
pH | hydrogen ion concentration; represents a negative logarithm in mol/L |
neutral pH | 7 |
pH less than 7 | acidic |
pH greater than 7 | basic (alkaline) |
logarithm for pH 6 | [H+]=1x10^-6 mol/L |
normal blood pH | 7.35-7.45 |
acid | solute that dissociates in solution and releases H+ ions, lowers pH |
proton donor | a hydrogen atom that has lost its electron (H+ is made up of 1 p+ and 1 e- so if e- is lost it only leaves a proton) |
base | solute that removes H+ ions from solution (ie hydroxide OH-) |
many bases release ___ atoms which bind H+ to form H2O | OH- (hydroxide) |
strong acid/strong base | dissociates completely in H2O |
weak acid/weak base | does not disociate completely in H2O |
bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffer system | bicarb binds hydrogen forming carbonic acid HCO3- + H+ = H2CO3 |
salt | an ionic compound containing any cation except H+ and any anion except hydroxide. Salts dissociate in H2O due to their ionic bonds |
neutral salt | salt that does not change pH b/c it doesn't affect H+ or OH- concentrations (ie NaCL) |
buffer | compounds that stabilize the pH of a solution by removing or replacing H+ ions; consists of a weak acid and its related salt |
NaHCO3 | sodium bicarbonate |
carbohydrate | an organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio; important energy source (ie sugars and starches) |
lactic acid | organic acid generated by active muscle tissue. is neutralized by the carbonic acid/bicarb buffer system |
monosaccharides (simple sugars) | a carbohydrate containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms; dissolves readily in H2O (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, heptose) |
triose | monosaccharide with 3 carbon atoms |
tetrose | monosaccharide with 4 carbon atoms |
pentose | monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms |
hexose | monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms |
heptose | monosaccharide with 7 carbon atoms |
isomers | molecules with the same molecular formula but the molecule is arranged in a different 3D structure giving it a different function (ie glucose and fructose) |
disaccharides | a carbohydrate made up of two monosaccharides joined together (sucrose aka table sugar) |
all carbs except for monosaccharides must be broken down via ___ before the body can use them for energy | hydrolysis |
excess sugar is stored as ___ | fat |
polysaccharides | multiple monosaccharides and/or disaccharides linked together by repeated dehydration synthesis (starches, glycogen, cellulose) |
glycogen | a complex polysaccharide produced and stored in muscles |
cellulose | a polysaccharide found in cell walls of plants that humans cant digest |
lipids | fats, oils and waxes that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (like carbs) except ratio of carbon to hydrogen is 1:2 |
are lipids soluble or insoluble in H2O? | insoluble in H2O |
which provides more energy gram for gram, carbs or lipids? | lipids |
fatty acids | long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached to a carboxyl group at one end; the carboxyl end associates with H2O the rest of the molecule does not |
eicosanoids | lipids derived from arachidonic acid (a fatty acid) that include prostaglandins and leukotrienes |
prostaglandins | short chain fatty acids that are released by cells to coordinate local cellular activities (ie pain stimulation) |
hormones | chemical messengers that travel in blood stream and affect a distant part of the body (prostaglandins affect a local site, not a distant one) |
glycerides | fatty acids attached to simple sugars (monosaccharides) |
triglyceride | glycerol attached to three fatty acids; acts as an energy source, insulator and protects organs |
steroids | large lipid molecules with distinct carbon framework (cholesterol) |
cholesterol | steroid that makes up plasma membranes, regulates metabolism and process fats in the liver |
proteins | chains of amino acids that are the most abundant organic components of the body (approx 20% of TBW) |
7 categories of protein function | body support, contractile movement, cellular transport, buffering, metabolic regulation (enzymes), control (homrones), defense (antibodies) |
proteins are made up of chains of ___ ___ | amino acids |
5 components of amino acids | a central carbon atom, hydrogen atom, amino group, carboxyl group, R group (variable group that gives the amino acid its properties/function |
peptide bond | the bond that links amino acids to form proteins; dehydration synthesis creates a covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one and the amino group of another |
peptides | molecules of amino acids held together with peptide bonds |
polypeptide | peptide chains made up of three or more amino acids (protiens contain at least 100 amino acids but usually contain approx 1000 or more) |
do proteins have a positive or negative electrical charge? | negative, they act as an anion giving the interior of a cell a negative charge |
4 levels of protein structure | 1-PRIMARY-amino acid sequence 2-SECONDARY-bonds between atoms in the chain (H+ bonds), 3-TERTIARY-coiling and folding that gives protein 3D shape 4-QUATERNARY-individual polypeptide chains linked to make a protein |
collagen | the body's most abundant structural protein |
two classes (types) of protein structure | fibrous and globular |
fibrous protein | pleated flattened sheets that are durable and used to form body structures |
golubular protein | compact, rounded and readily enters aqueous solution (hemoglobin, enzymes, hormones, etc) |
protein __ determines its function and ___ ___ determine it's shape | shape; amino acids |
environmental conditions that can alter protein shape | ionic composition, temperature, pH, H+ bonding to other molecules in solution |
enzymes | glubular proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the body |
substrates | the reactants in enzyme catalyzed reactions |
active site | the region on the enzyme that binds the specific substrates |
enzyme specificity | each enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction |
enzyme saturation | when all available enzyme molecules are bound and reacting at top speed further increases in substrate concentration with not affect the reaction rate |
cofactors | ions or molecules that must bind enzyme before substrates can bind (ie Ca++, Mg++) |
coenzymes | nonprotein, organic molecules that function as cofactors (many are vitamins) |
nucleic acids | large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus that store and transport genetic information (DNA/RNA) |
DNA | deoxyriboneucleic acid; store info needed to synthesize proteins |
RNA | ribonucleic acid; carries info from DNA to sites of protein synthesis |
nucleotides | the two sugar "backbones" or "strands" of the DNA |
nucleic acid infor is stored in the sequences of ___ ___ linked to their complements via hydrogen bonds | nitrogenous bases |
adenine binds to ___ | thymine |
cytosine binds to ___ | guanine |
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