Chapter 1 A&P Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Autopsy | postmortem dissection |
Palpation | feel body surface with hands |
Auscultation | listen to body sounds with a stethoscope |
Percussion | tap on body surface and listen to |
Imaging | non-invasive visualization of internal structures |
Type of Imaging (X-ray) | Radiography |
Type of Imaging (CT scan) | Computed tomography |
Type of Imaging (Ultrasound) | Sonography |
Type of Imaging (MRI) | Magnetic resonance imaging |
Type of Imaging (PET) | Positron emission tomography |
Integumentary system | skin and related structures |
Skeletal system | bones and associated structures |
Muscular system | skeletal muscles |
Nervous system | brain, spinal cord, nerves & special sense organs |
Endocrine system | hormone producing glands & cells |
Cardiovascular system | blood, heart & blood vessels |
Lymphatic system | lymph fluid and vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils |
Respiratory system | lungs & airways |
Digestive system | gastrointestinal tract & associated secretory organs |
Urinary system | kidneys, ureters, bladder & urethra |
Reproductive system | gonads and associated structures |
Metabolism | sum of all chemical processes in body |
catabolism | breaking down large molecules into smaller ones |
anabolism | building more complex molecules from simpler ones |
Growth | increase in body size due to increased cell size or number or increased material between cells |
Reproduction | formation of new cells or production of new individuals |
Movement | facilitated motion at any structural level |
Responsiveness | ability to detect and respond to changes in internal or external environment at any structural level |
Differentiation | development of cells from a general structure to a specialized structure and function |
Homeostasis | equilibrium in body’s internal environment; maintained within a narrow range compatible with life (physiological limits) |
Body fluids | watery solutions within and surrounding body cells |
Intracellular fluid (ICF) | body fluids within cells |
Extracellular fluid (ECF) | body fluids outside cells |
interstitial fluid | body fluid between cells |
compartmentalized fluids | blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous humor |
Regulation of Homeostasis | constant disruptions from external and internal environment necessitate regulatory mechanisms to restore balance |
autoregulation | cells, tissues, organ systems regulate themselves |
extrinsic regulation | nervous and endocrine regulation |
Feedback Systems | cyclical system which monitors a controlled condition, evaluates its status, and effects a response if needed, followed by remonitoring, reevaluation, etc. |
3 components of a feedback system | Receptor, Control center, Effector |
Receptor | structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to control center |
Control center | evaluates whether input from receptor is within normal range and outputs commands if needed |
Effector | structure that receives output from control center and produces a response to alter the controlled condition(the altered condition then “feeds back” to the receptor and is reevaluated) |
Negative feedback system | reverses a change in a controlled condition;returns controlled condition to normal and maintains homeostasis;most feedback systems in body are negative |
Positive feedback system | reinforces a change in a controlled condition;must be shut-off by an event outside the system;associated with events outside of routine homeostasis |
Homeostatic Imbalances | loss of equilibrium due to failure of one or more body components to perform homeostatic functions |
Disorder | any abnormality of body structure or function |
Symptoms | subjective, non-observable functional abnormalities |
Signs | measurable or observable changes in body structure or function |
Disease | illness characterized by recognizable set of signs and symptoms; alters body structures and functions in characteristic ways |
Diagnosis | distinguishing one disease or disorder from another |
Anatomical position | standardized body position for directional relationships; standing, facing observer, arms down, palms facing forward |
Prone | lying face down |
Supine | lying face up |
Anatomical landmarks | know common names and anatomical terms |
Directional terms | describe relative positions of body parts |
Anterior | (front) |
Posterior | (back) |
Ventral | (towards belly) |
Dorsal | (towards back) |
Superior | (above) |
Inferior | (below) |
Cranial | (towards head) |
Caudal | (towards tail) |
Medial | (towards midline |
Lateral | (away from midline) |
Proximal | (near attachment or beginning |
Distal | (away from attachment,or near end) refer to appendages or some organs and systems |
Superficial | (near surface) |
Deep | (away from surface) |
Planes and Sections | planes are imaginary flat surfaces which cut 3-D objects into sections allowing 2-D viewing of internal structures |
Sagittal plane | vertical or longitudinal plane dividing a body or organ into right and left sides |
Midsagittal | equal sides of a sagittal plane |
Parasagittal | unequal side of a sagittal plane |
Frontal (coronal) plane | vertical or longitudinal plane dividing body or organ onto front and back portions |
Transverse plane | horizontal or cross-sectional plane dividing body or organ into upper and lower portions or cross-sections |
Oblique plane | passes through a body or organ at an angle between the transverse plane and a vertical or longitudinal plane |
Body Cavities | protect contents and allow contents to change in size and shape |
Dorsal body cavity | near dorsal (posterior) surface; has 2 subdivisions; lined by membranes called meninges |
Cranial cavity | surrounded by cranial bones; contains brain |
Vertebral (spinal) canal | surrounded by vertebrae; contains spinal cord |
Ventral body cavity | near ventral (anterior) surface; has 2 main subdivisions separated by the diaphragm |
Thoracic cavity | above diaphragm; surrounded by ribs, sternum, spine |
mediastinum | connective tissue dividing thoracic cavity midsagitally |
pericardial cavity | within the mediastinum; contains heart |
2 pleural cavities | contain the lungs |
Abdominopelvic cavity | below diaphragm; surrounded by spine, pelvis,and muscle wall; contains liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, bladder, and reproductive organs; may be subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities |
Serous membranes of ventral cavity | thin membranes which produce slippery fluid to reduce friction; parietal layer lines body walls,visceral layer lines organs(viscera); these membranes also form mesentery, ligaments, omentum |
Parietal pleura | lines pleural cavity walls |
Visceral pleura | lines lungs |
Parietal pericardium | lines pericardial sac |
Visceral pericardium | lines heart |
Parietal peritoneum | lines abdominopelvic cavity walls |
Visceral peritoneum | lines viscera of abdominopelvic cavity |
Retroperitoneal organs (behind the parietal peritoneum) | Most organs lie within body cavities, but a few (kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and portions of the intestines and major vessels) lie against the posterior body wall covered by the parietal peritoneum |
Abdominopelvic Regions | divisions of abdominopelvic cavity often used in anatomical studies; 4 gridlines divide cavity into 9 regions |
Abdominopelvic Quadrants | divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity often usedby clinicians; 2 gridlines divide cavity into 4 quadrants |
Chemical level | atomic and molecular level |
Cellular level | cells are the basic structural and functional units of life |
Tissue level | groups of cells and the materials surrounding them;work together to perform specific functions |
Organ level | structures composed of 2 or more tissue types;have specific functions and usually recognizable shapes |
System level | collection of related organs and tissues with specific function (some organs belong to more than one organ system)11 organ systems of human |
Anatomy | science of body structure; originally revealed by dissection |
Physiology | science of body function |
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laurarliz
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