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Chapter 1 A&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Autopsy | postmortem dissection |
| Palpation | feel body surface with hands |
| Auscultation | listen to body sounds with a stethoscope |
| Percussion | tap on body surface and listen to |
| Imaging | non-invasive visualization of internal structures |
| Type of Imaging (X-ray) | Radiography |
| Type of Imaging (CT scan) | Computed tomography |
| Type of Imaging (Ultrasound) | Sonography |
| Type of Imaging (MRI) | Magnetic resonance imaging |
| Type of Imaging (PET) | Positron emission tomography |
| Integumentary system | skin and related structures |
| Skeletal system | bones and associated structures |
| Muscular system | skeletal muscles |
| Nervous system | brain, spinal cord, nerves & special sense organs |
| Endocrine system | hormone producing glands & cells |
| Cardiovascular system | blood, heart & blood vessels |
| Lymphatic system | lymph fluid and vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils |
| Respiratory system | lungs & airways |
| Digestive system | gastrointestinal tract & associated secretory organs |
| Urinary system | kidneys, ureters, bladder & urethra |
| Reproductive system | gonads and associated structures |
| Metabolism | sum of all chemical processes in body |
| catabolism | breaking down large molecules into smaller ones |
| anabolism | building more complex molecules from simpler ones |
| Growth | increase in body size due to increased cell size or number or increased material between cells |
| Reproduction | formation of new cells or production of new individuals |
| Movement | facilitated motion at any structural level |
| Responsiveness | ability to detect and respond to changes in internal or external environment at any structural level |
| Differentiation | development of cells from a general structure to a specialized structure and function |
| Homeostasis | equilibrium in body’s internal environment; maintained within a narrow range compatible with life (physiological limits) |
| Body fluids | watery solutions within and surrounding body cells |
| Intracellular fluid (ICF) | body fluids within cells |
| Extracellular fluid (ECF) | body fluids outside cells |
| interstitial fluid | body fluid between cells |
| compartmentalized fluids | blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous humor |
| Regulation of Homeostasis | constant disruptions from external and internal environment necessitate regulatory mechanisms to restore balance |
| autoregulation | cells, tissues, organ systems regulate themselves |
| extrinsic regulation | nervous and endocrine regulation |
| Feedback Systems | cyclical system which monitors a controlled condition, evaluates its status, and effects a response if needed, followed by remonitoring, reevaluation, etc. |
| 3 components of a feedback system | Receptor, Control center, Effector |
| Receptor | structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to control center |
| Control center | evaluates whether input from receptor is within normal range and outputs commands if needed |
| Effector | structure that receives output from control center and produces a response to alter the controlled condition(the altered condition then “feeds back” to the receptor and is reevaluated) |
| Negative feedback system | reverses a change in a controlled condition;returns controlled condition to normal and maintains homeostasis;most feedback systems in body are negative |
| Positive feedback system | reinforces a change in a controlled condition;must be shut-off by an event outside the system;associated with events outside of routine homeostasis |
| Homeostatic Imbalances | loss of equilibrium due to failure of one or more body components to perform homeostatic functions |
| Disorder | any abnormality of body structure or function |
| Symptoms | subjective, non-observable functional abnormalities |
| Signs | measurable or observable changes in body structure or function |
| Disease | illness characterized by recognizable set of signs and symptoms; alters body structures and functions in characteristic ways |
| Diagnosis | distinguishing one disease or disorder from another |
| Anatomical position | standardized body position for directional relationships; standing, facing observer, arms down, palms facing forward |
| Prone | lying face down |
| Supine | lying face up |
| Anatomical landmarks | know common names and anatomical terms |
| Directional terms | describe relative positions of body parts |
| Anterior | (front) |
| Posterior | (back) |
| Ventral | (towards belly) |
| Dorsal | (towards back) |
| Superior | (above) |
| Inferior | (below) |
| Cranial | (towards head) |
| Caudal | (towards tail) |
| Medial | (towards midline |
| Lateral | (away from midline) |
| Proximal | (near attachment or beginning |
| Distal | (away from attachment,or near end) refer to appendages or some organs and systems |
| Superficial | (near surface) |
| Deep | (away from surface) |
| Planes and Sections | planes are imaginary flat surfaces which cut 3-D objects into sections allowing 2-D viewing of internal structures |
| Sagittal plane | vertical or longitudinal plane dividing a body or organ into right and left sides |
| Midsagittal | equal sides of a sagittal plane |
| Parasagittal | unequal side of a sagittal plane |
| Frontal (coronal) plane | vertical or longitudinal plane dividing body or organ onto front and back portions |
| Transverse plane | horizontal or cross-sectional plane dividing body or organ into upper and lower portions or cross-sections |
| Oblique plane | passes through a body or organ at an angle between the transverse plane and a vertical or longitudinal plane |
| Body Cavities | protect contents and allow contents to change in size and shape |
| Dorsal body cavity | near dorsal (posterior) surface; has 2 subdivisions; lined by membranes called meninges |
| Cranial cavity | surrounded by cranial bones; contains brain |
| Vertebral (spinal) canal | surrounded by vertebrae; contains spinal cord |
| Ventral body cavity | near ventral (anterior) surface; has 2 main subdivisions separated by the diaphragm |
| Thoracic cavity | above diaphragm; surrounded by ribs, sternum, spine |
| mediastinum | connective tissue dividing thoracic cavity midsagitally |
| pericardial cavity | within the mediastinum; contains heart |
| 2 pleural cavities | contain the lungs |
| Abdominopelvic cavity | below diaphragm; surrounded by spine, pelvis,and muscle wall; contains liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, bladder, and reproductive organs; may be subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| Serous membranes of ventral cavity | thin membranes which produce slippery fluid to reduce friction; parietal layer lines body walls,visceral layer lines organs(viscera); these membranes also form mesentery, ligaments, omentum |
| Parietal pleura | lines pleural cavity walls |
| Visceral pleura | lines lungs |
| Parietal pericardium | lines pericardial sac |
| Visceral pericardium | lines heart |
| Parietal peritoneum | lines abdominopelvic cavity walls |
| Visceral peritoneum | lines viscera of abdominopelvic cavity |
| Retroperitoneal organs (behind the parietal peritoneum) | Most organs lie within body cavities, but a few (kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and portions of the intestines and major vessels) lie against the posterior body wall covered by the parietal peritoneum |
| Abdominopelvic Regions | divisions of abdominopelvic cavity often used in anatomical studies; 4 gridlines divide cavity into 9 regions |
| Abdominopelvic Quadrants | divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity often usedby clinicians; 2 gridlines divide cavity into 4 quadrants |
| Chemical level | atomic and molecular level |
| Cellular level | cells are the basic structural and functional units of life |
| Tissue level | groups of cells and the materials surrounding them;work together to perform specific functions |
| Organ level | structures composed of 2 or more tissue types;have specific functions and usually recognizable shapes |
| System level | collection of related organs and tissues with specific function (some organs belong to more than one organ system)11 organ systems of human |
| Anatomy | science of body structure; originally revealed by dissection |
| Physiology | science of body function |
Created by:
laurarliz
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