I. Anat 16 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Provides energy and nutrients | Food |
Food must be ___- into usable forms by digestive system | Broken down |
Continuous tube from mouth to anus | Alimentary tube |
Digestion occurs in the (3) | Mouth, Stomach, Sm intestines |
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, GB and pancreas are all ____ organs | Accessory |
Accessory organs contribute to ___ | Digestion |
# types of digestion | 2 |
Types of digestion (2) | Mechanical, chemical |
Physical breakdown into smaller pieces | Mechanical digestion |
Mechanical digestion ___ surface area for chemical digestion | Increases |
Breaking down complex molecules into simple molecules with enzymes | Chemical digestion |
Enzymes is specific to ___ | Molecule (fat, carbohydrates, protein) |
The mouth | Oral cavity |
Oral cavity aka | Buccal cavity |
Baby teeth aka | Deciduous (milk teeth) |
# baby teeth | 20 |
Baby teeth begin to erupt at___ | 6mo |
Baby teeth are usually in by age __ | 2 |
Permanent teeth replace ___ | Deciduous teeth |
#total permanent teeth | 23 |
Types of permanent teeth (4) | Incisors, K9, premolars, molars |
# incisors | 8 |
Flat chiseled like teeth | Incisors |
Sharp and pointy | K9 |
# k9 | 4 |
Premolar aka | Bicuspid |
# premolar | 8 |
Teeth with 2 points | Premolars |
# molars | 23 |
Teeth with 4 points | Molars |
___ teeth are the last set | Wisdom |
Gums | Gingiva |
Part above the gingiva | Crown |
Very hard covering of the crown | Enamel |
___ made by meloblast cells | Enamel |
___prevents tooth from wearing out | Enamel |
___ is resistant to decay | Enamel |
Deep to the enamel | Dentin |
__is similar to bone | Dentin |
___produced by odontoblasts | Dentin |
Root is enclosed in the ___ | Socket |
Root is made of | Dentin |
Ligament that attaches to the root and bone | Periodontal membrane / ligament |
Inner most portion of the tooth | Pulp cavity |
Pulp cavity contains ___ | Blood vessels |
Pulp cavity contains ___ nerve | Trigeminal |
Tongue is __muscle | Skeletal |
Tongue functions (3) | Taste, initiate swallowing, manipulate food |
Projections on superior surface of tongue | Papillae |
Papillae contains__ | Taste buds |
Papillae __ food to manipulate it | Grip |
Produce saliva | Salivary glands |
# pairs of salivary glands | 3 |
Salivary gland anteroinferior to ear | Parotic |
Medial to the angle of the mandible | Submandibular |
Submandibular aka | Submaxiallry |
Inferior to tongue, medial to the body of the mandible | Sublingual |
Made of water and amylase | Saliva |
Saliva is made of (2) | Water and amylase |
Moistens food | Saliva |
Breaks down carbohydrates | Saliva |
Amount of saliva produced is based on ___ | Need |
Saliva is produced from blood plasma by __ | Filtration |
# structural layers to alimentary tube | 4 |
The inside lining of the alimentary tube | Digestive mucosa |
Digestive mucosa made of ____ tissue | Epithelial |
Esophagus is is ____ ____ | Stratified squamous (sloughs off due to friction) |
Stomach and intestines are ____ ___ | Simple columnar (for absorption) |
Epithelial tissue ____ for lubrication | Secretes mucous |
Epithelial tissue ___ (stomach and sm intestines only) | Digestive enzymes |
Deep in mucosa | Submucosa |
Submucosa is made of ___ connective tissue | Areolar |
Just deep to the epithelium in the areolar connective tissue | Submucosa |
Lymph nodes fight infection that get through the ___ | Epithelium |
Submucosa is highly ___, highly___ | Vascular, nervous |
Submucosa contains ___ tissue | Lymphatic |
Entire length of gut | Enteric nervous system |
Nerve networks that innervate mucosa to regulate secretion | Meisner’s / submucosal plexus |
Meisner’s / submucosal plexus, nerve network that innervate mucosa to regulate ___ | Secretion |
Parasympathetic __ secretion | Increase |
Sympathetic ___ secretion | Decrease |
External muscle layer # layers of __ muscle | 2, smooth |
Circular layer | Inner |
Longitudinal laye | Outter |
Muscle layers create ___ | Peristalsis |
Moving food in one direction | Peristalsis |
External muscle layers innervated by ___ | Auerbach’s / myenteric |
Parasympathetic__ peristalsis | Increase |
Sympathetic __ peristalsis | Decrease |
Serous membrane connective tissue later that supports the GI tract | Serosa |
Serosa secretes ___, why? | Serous Fluid, decrease friction |
Below the diaphragm the serosa is called___ when covering organs | Mesentery (visceral peritoneum) |
Below the diaphragm the serosa is called ___ when lining abdominal cavity | Peritoneum (parietal peritoneum) |
LUQ inferior to diaphragm and anterior to spleen | Stomach |
Between esophagus and sm intestines (duodenum) | Stomach |
Stomach is separated from the esophagus by | Lower esophageal sphincter |
LES | Lower esophageal sphincter |
Stomach hold food it ___ and ___ digests | Mechanically, chemically |
Opening from esophagus to stomach | Cardiac orifice |
Part superior to cardiac orifice | Fundus |
Fundus usually contains ___ | Air |
Main part of stomach | Body |
Curve superior/medial, short and border | Lessor curvature |
Curve inferior/lateral, long border | Greater curvature |
Area adjacent to duodenum | Pylorus |
Pylorus and duodenum are separated by | Pyloric sphincter |
Pyloris sphincter relaxes in ___to release food into ___ | Intervals, duodenum |
Pylorus contracts again to prevent-__ | backflow |
Wrinkles/folds that appear then stomach is empty | Rugae |
Glands that consist of several cell types | Gastric pits |
___cells secrete mucous | Goblet |
Cells that secrete pepsinogen | Chief |
Chief cells break down ___bonds | Peptide |
___cells secrete hydrogen ion or proton and intrinsic factor | Parietal |
Secrete h+ into stomach that bond to Cl- that diffuse from parietal cells | Proton pumps |
Intrinsic factor is necessary form ___ absorption | B12 |
__cells secrete the hormone gastrin | G |
G cells secrete ___ | Gastrin |
Stomach pH is ___ | 1-2 |
Acidic pH does what | Kills pathogens and microorganisms |
Acidic pH is necessary for __ to function | Pepsin |
All of the secretions of the stomach | Gastric juice |
Gastric juice is secreted in small amounts at the ____ | Thought of eating |
Gastric juice is controlled by ____ nervous syste, | Parasympathetic |
Food increases ___secretion | gastrin |
Stomach has # muscle layers | 3 |
The three muscle layers of stomach | longitudinal, oblique, circular |
Longitudinal stomach, muscle runs___ | verticle |
Circular stomach muscle runs___ | horizontal |
Oblique stomach muscle runs at an ___ | angle |
The three muscle layers of the stomach are responsible for | chrurning food |
Stomach muscle layers are inervated by | Auerbach's(myenteric)plexus |
Small imtestines stretch from ___to___ | stomach, colon |
Smakk intestines are# inch in diameter | 1 |
Small intestine is #feet long | 20 |
Small intestine has # parts | 3 |
Three parts of sm intestine | duodenum,jejunum, ileum |
First part of small intestines | duodenum |
Common bile duct empties into the | Ampulla of Vater |
Jejunum is # feet long | 8 |
Ileum is# Feet long | 11 |
Digestion ends in___ | small intestine |
Nutrients from small intestines is absorbed into ____and____ | blood, lymph |
Small intestines are made of simple____cells with___ | columnar,microvilli |
____cells secrete mucus | goblet |
____cells secrete hormone of small intestines | enteroendocrine |
Lymoh nodules in small intestinrs for immunity | Peyer's patches |
Muscle layer of small intestines is made of ____muscle | smooth |
Smooth muscle of small intestines runs ___ans___ | circulsr,longitudinal |
Small intestines controlled by ____nerve | vagus |
Peristalsis can occur without ____control via the ___nervous system | CNS, enteric |
Three sources of gsdtric secretion | liver, gallbladder,pancreas |
RUQ directly inferior to diphrahm | liver |
Liver has 2 lobes called | right and left |
Liver lobule aka | hepatic lobule |
Functional unit of the liver | liver lobule |
Liver lobule is a ___ column of____ | hexoganal,hepatocytes |
Liver lobule is surrounded by branches of ____artery and ____vein | hepatic, portal |
Larger cavities between rows of hepstocytes | sinusoid |
Liver has no_____ | capillaries |
liver is very _____ | permiable |
Liver receives blood from (2) | hepatic artry, portal vein |
Arterial and venous blood ____(not blood to AND from) | mixes |
____vein is central to lobules | central |
Central vein unites with other central veins from the hepatic vein and drain into___ | IVC |
Liver secretes ___ | bile |
Hepatocytes secrete into ____ which empty into the bile duct | bike caniculi |
Bile ducts empty into____ | hepatic duct |
Bile is mostly made of___ | water |
Two purposes of bile | excretion,secretion |
Byproduct of RBC (hem) breakdowm | bilirubin |
Bile excretes excess___ | cholesterol |
Bile secretes for ____ | digestion |
Hormone secreted in duodenum | secretin |
Secret in is produced in the | duodenum |
Secret in helps stimulate_____production | bile |
Bile salts emulsify | Lipids |
Carbohydrate metabolism regulates ___in the blood | glucose |
Excess glucose stimulates | Glycygenesis |
Glucose is converted into the polusaccharide__ | Glycogen |
Carbohydrate metabolism is stimulated by ___and___ | Insulin, cortisol |
Gucagon and epinephrine cause __ | Glycogenolysis |
Conversion of glycogen back to glucose when blood sugar is ___ | Low |
AA metabolism; the liver can produce 12-#AA (non essential | 20 |
Catabolizes AAs when there is excess to make glycogen or __ | Fat |
Lipoproteins allow ___in the blood | Transport |
Lipid metabolism synthesizes ___ | Cholesterol |
Liver syntheszises plasma protein such as ___ and globulins | Albumin |
Liver phagocystizes pathogens with resident WBS called____cells | Kupffer |
Liver stores ___soluble vitamis (A,D,K,E) | Fat |
Liver stores iron and ___ | Copper |
The livers main purpose is ___ | Detoxification |
When enzymes transform harmful substances | Dextoxification |
Liver stores___(entrinsic factor) | B12 |
Created by:
Sarsileigh
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