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I. Anat 16
Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Provides energy and nutrients | Food |
| Food must be ___- into usable forms by digestive system | Broken down |
| Continuous tube from mouth to anus | Alimentary tube |
| Digestion occurs in the (3) | Mouth, Stomach, Sm intestines |
| Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, GB and pancreas are all ____ organs | Accessory |
| Accessory organs contribute to ___ | Digestion |
| # types of digestion | 2 |
| Types of digestion (2) | Mechanical, chemical |
| Physical breakdown into smaller pieces | Mechanical digestion |
| Mechanical digestion ___ surface area for chemical digestion | Increases |
| Breaking down complex molecules into simple molecules with enzymes | Chemical digestion |
| Enzymes is specific to ___ | Molecule (fat, carbohydrates, protein) |
| The mouth | Oral cavity |
| Oral cavity aka | Buccal cavity |
| Baby teeth aka | Deciduous (milk teeth) |
| # baby teeth | 20 |
| Baby teeth begin to erupt at___ | 6mo |
| Baby teeth are usually in by age __ | 2 |
| Permanent teeth replace ___ | Deciduous teeth |
| #total permanent teeth | 23 |
| Types of permanent teeth (4) | Incisors, K9, premolars, molars |
| # incisors | 8 |
| Flat chiseled like teeth | Incisors |
| Sharp and pointy | K9 |
| # k9 | 4 |
| Premolar aka | Bicuspid |
| # premolar | 8 |
| Teeth with 2 points | Premolars |
| # molars | 23 |
| Teeth with 4 points | Molars |
| ___ teeth are the last set | Wisdom |
| Gums | Gingiva |
| Part above the gingiva | Crown |
| Very hard covering of the crown | Enamel |
| ___ made by meloblast cells | Enamel |
| ___prevents tooth from wearing out | Enamel |
| ___ is resistant to decay | Enamel |
| Deep to the enamel | Dentin |
| __is similar to bone | Dentin |
| ___produced by odontoblasts | Dentin |
| Root is enclosed in the ___ | Socket |
| Root is made of | Dentin |
| Ligament that attaches to the root and bone | Periodontal membrane / ligament |
| Inner most portion of the tooth | Pulp cavity |
| Pulp cavity contains ___ | Blood vessels |
| Pulp cavity contains ___ nerve | Trigeminal |
| Tongue is __muscle | Skeletal |
| Tongue functions (3) | Taste, initiate swallowing, manipulate food |
| Projections on superior surface of tongue | Papillae |
| Papillae contains__ | Taste buds |
| Papillae __ food to manipulate it | Grip |
| Produce saliva | Salivary glands |
| # pairs of salivary glands | 3 |
| Salivary gland anteroinferior to ear | Parotic |
| Medial to the angle of the mandible | Submandibular |
| Submandibular aka | Submaxiallry |
| Inferior to tongue, medial to the body of the mandible | Sublingual |
| Made of water and amylase | Saliva |
| Saliva is made of (2) | Water and amylase |
| Moistens food | Saliva |
| Breaks down carbohydrates | Saliva |
| Amount of saliva produced is based on ___ | Need |
| Saliva is produced from blood plasma by __ | Filtration |
| # structural layers to alimentary tube | 4 |
| The inside lining of the alimentary tube | Digestive mucosa |
| Digestive mucosa made of ____ tissue | Epithelial |
| Esophagus is is ____ ____ | Stratified squamous (sloughs off due to friction) |
| Stomach and intestines are ____ ___ | Simple columnar (for absorption) |
| Epithelial tissue ____ for lubrication | Secretes mucous |
| Epithelial tissue ___ (stomach and sm intestines only) | Digestive enzymes |
| Deep in mucosa | Submucosa |
| Submucosa is made of ___ connective tissue | Areolar |
| Just deep to the epithelium in the areolar connective tissue | Submucosa |
| Lymph nodes fight infection that get through the ___ | Epithelium |
| Submucosa is highly ___, highly___ | Vascular, nervous |
| Submucosa contains ___ tissue | Lymphatic |
| Entire length of gut | Enteric nervous system |
| Nerve networks that innervate mucosa to regulate secretion | Meisner’s / submucosal plexus |
| Meisner’s / submucosal plexus, nerve network that innervate mucosa to regulate ___ | Secretion |
| Parasympathetic __ secretion | Increase |
| Sympathetic ___ secretion | Decrease |
| External muscle layer # layers of __ muscle | 2, smooth |
| Circular layer | Inner |
| Longitudinal laye | Outter |
| Muscle layers create ___ | Peristalsis |
| Moving food in one direction | Peristalsis |
| External muscle layers innervated by ___ | Auerbach’s / myenteric |
| Parasympathetic__ peristalsis | Increase |
| Sympathetic __ peristalsis | Decrease |
| Serous membrane connective tissue later that supports the GI tract | Serosa |
| Serosa secretes ___, why? | Serous Fluid, decrease friction |
| Below the diaphragm the serosa is called___ when covering organs | Mesentery (visceral peritoneum) |
| Below the diaphragm the serosa is called ___ when lining abdominal cavity | Peritoneum (parietal peritoneum) |
| LUQ inferior to diaphragm and anterior to spleen | Stomach |
| Between esophagus and sm intestines (duodenum) | Stomach |
| Stomach is separated from the esophagus by | Lower esophageal sphincter |
| LES | Lower esophageal sphincter |
| Stomach hold food it ___ and ___ digests | Mechanically, chemically |
| Opening from esophagus to stomach | Cardiac orifice |
| Part superior to cardiac orifice | Fundus |
| Fundus usually contains ___ | Air |
| Main part of stomach | Body |
| Curve superior/medial, short and border | Lessor curvature |
| Curve inferior/lateral, long border | Greater curvature |
| Area adjacent to duodenum | Pylorus |
| Pylorus and duodenum are separated by | Pyloric sphincter |
| Pyloris sphincter relaxes in ___to release food into ___ | Intervals, duodenum |
| Pylorus contracts again to prevent-__ | backflow |
| Wrinkles/folds that appear then stomach is empty | Rugae |
| Glands that consist of several cell types | Gastric pits |
| ___cells secrete mucous | Goblet |
| Cells that secrete pepsinogen | Chief |
| Chief cells break down ___bonds | Peptide |
| ___cells secrete hydrogen ion or proton and intrinsic factor | Parietal |
| Secrete h+ into stomach that bond to Cl- that diffuse from parietal cells | Proton pumps |
| Intrinsic factor is necessary form ___ absorption | B12 |
| __cells secrete the hormone gastrin | G |
| G cells secrete ___ | Gastrin |
| Stomach pH is ___ | 1-2 |
| Acidic pH does what | Kills pathogens and microorganisms |
| Acidic pH is necessary for __ to function | Pepsin |
| All of the secretions of the stomach | Gastric juice |
| Gastric juice is secreted in small amounts at the ____ | Thought of eating |
| Gastric juice is controlled by ____ nervous syste, | Parasympathetic |
| Food increases ___secretion | gastrin |
| Stomach has # muscle layers | 3 |
| The three muscle layers of stomach | longitudinal, oblique, circular |
| Longitudinal stomach, muscle runs___ | verticle |
| Circular stomach muscle runs___ | horizontal |
| Oblique stomach muscle runs at an ___ | angle |
| The three muscle layers of the stomach are responsible for | chrurning food |
| Stomach muscle layers are inervated by | Auerbach's(myenteric)plexus |
| Small imtestines stretch from ___to___ | stomach, colon |
| Smakk intestines are# inch in diameter | 1 |
| Small intestine is #feet long | 20 |
| Small intestine has # parts | 3 |
| Three parts of sm intestine | duodenum,jejunum, ileum |
| First part of small intestines | duodenum |
| Common bile duct empties into the | Ampulla of Vater |
| Jejunum is # feet long | 8 |
| Ileum is# Feet long | 11 |
| Digestion ends in___ | small intestine |
| Nutrients from small intestines is absorbed into ____and____ | blood, lymph |
| Small intestines are made of simple____cells with___ | columnar,microvilli |
| ____cells secrete mucus | goblet |
| ____cells secrete hormone of small intestines | enteroendocrine |
| Lymoh nodules in small intestinrs for immunity | Peyer's patches |
| Muscle layer of small intestines is made of ____muscle | smooth |
| Smooth muscle of small intestines runs ___ans___ | circulsr,longitudinal |
| Small intestines controlled by ____nerve | vagus |
| Peristalsis can occur without ____control via the ___nervous system | CNS, enteric |
| Three sources of gsdtric secretion | liver, gallbladder,pancreas |
| RUQ directly inferior to diphrahm | liver |
| Liver has 2 lobes called | right and left |
| Liver lobule aka | hepatic lobule |
| Functional unit of the liver | liver lobule |
| Liver lobule is a ___ column of____ | hexoganal,hepatocytes |
| Liver lobule is surrounded by branches of ____artery and ____vein | hepatic, portal |
| Larger cavities between rows of hepstocytes | sinusoid |
| Liver has no_____ | capillaries |
| liver is very _____ | permiable |
| Liver receives blood from (2) | hepatic artry, portal vein |
| Arterial and venous blood ____(not blood to AND from) | mixes |
| ____vein is central to lobules | central |
| Central vein unites with other central veins from the hepatic vein and drain into___ | IVC |
| Liver secretes ___ | bile |
| Hepatocytes secrete into ____ which empty into the bile duct | bike caniculi |
| Bile ducts empty into____ | hepatic duct |
| Bile is mostly made of___ | water |
| Two purposes of bile | excretion,secretion |
| Byproduct of RBC (hem) breakdowm | bilirubin |
| Bile excretes excess___ | cholesterol |
| Bile secretes for ____ | digestion |
| Hormone secreted in duodenum | secretin |
| Secret in is produced in the | duodenum |
| Secret in helps stimulate_____production | bile |
| Bile salts emulsify | Lipids |
| Carbohydrate metabolism regulates ___in the blood | glucose |
| Excess glucose stimulates | Glycygenesis |
| Glucose is converted into the polusaccharide__ | Glycogen |
| Carbohydrate metabolism is stimulated by ___and___ | Insulin, cortisol |
| Gucagon and epinephrine cause __ | Glycogenolysis |
| Conversion of glycogen back to glucose when blood sugar is ___ | Low |
| AA metabolism; the liver can produce 12-#AA (non essential | 20 |
| Catabolizes AAs when there is excess to make glycogen or __ | Fat |
| Lipoproteins allow ___in the blood | Transport |
| Lipid metabolism synthesizes ___ | Cholesterol |
| Liver syntheszises plasma protein such as ___ and globulins | Albumin |
| Liver phagocystizes pathogens with resident WBS called____cells | Kupffer |
| Liver stores ___soluble vitamis (A,D,K,E) | Fat |
| Liver stores iron and ___ | Copper |
| The livers main purpose is ___ | Detoxification |
| When enzymes transform harmful substances | Dextoxification |
| Liver stores___(entrinsic factor) | B12 |
Created by:
Sarsileigh
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