BIO202-CH16-Adrenal Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
What's another name for suprarenal glands? | Adrenal glands |
Each adrenal gland are functionally two __. | Endocrine glands |
Name the 2 adrenal gland regions | Inner adrenal medulla & adrenal cortex |
The inner adrenal medulla is part of the __ NS. | Sympathetic |
__ are hormones synthesized from cholestrol by the adrenal __. | Corticosteroids, cortex |
The rate of steroid release depends on __. | rate of synthesis because they are not stored in cells. |
In the adrenal cortex, the zona __ has cluster cells that produce mineralocorticoids. | glomerulosa |
Which hormones help control balance of minerals & water in blood? | Mineralocorticoids |
Mineral corticoids are produced where? | In the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex |
Name the layer of the adrenal gland from exterior to interior. | Capsule, zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis, & adrenal medulla |
Metabolic hormones called glucocorticoids are produced where? | In the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex |
Which zone of adrenal cortex has linear cords of cells? | Zona fasciculata - middle zone |
Which zone of adrenal cotex has netlike arrangement? | Zona reticularis - innermost layer of adrenal cortex. |
Which zone of adrenal cortex produces small amounts of adrenal sex hormone, gonadocorticoids? | Zona reticularis, however it shares its production of this hormone w/z. fasciculata. |
The essentialfunction of mineralcorticoids is regulation of __ concentrations in extracellular fluids, particularily of __. | electrolytes (mineral salt), Na+ & K+ |
__ is the most potent & accounts for more than 95% of mineralocorticoids produced. | Aldosterone |
Maintaining __ ion balance is aldosterone's primary job. | sodium |
Aldosterone reduces __ from body. | excretion of Na+ - stimulates Na+ reabsorption from forming urine. |
Where Na+ goes, __ follows - changing blood pressure & volume. | water |
Aldosterone is also secreted by __ organs to do what? | Cardiovascular - acts as a paracrine (acts rapidly in same tissue where produced). |
Name the 4 mechanisms that regulate aldosterone secretion. | (1) renin-angiotensin mechanism, (2) plasma concentrations of K+ & Na+, (3) ACTH, & (4) ANP - atrial natriuretic peptide |
What is the major regulator mechanism of aldosterone release? | the renin-angiotensis mechanism |
When blood pressure declines, kidneys release __ into blood that stimulates aldosterone release by glomerulosa cells. | renin |
__ is a plasma protein that is a potent stimulator of aldosterone release. | angiotensin II |
The renin-angiotensin mechanism does what? | triggers aldosterone release & increases blood pressure. |
How does fluctuating K+ & Na+ levels affect aldosterone release? | decrease in K+ inhibits release, large decrease in Na+ increases aldosterone release. |
When a person is stressed, ACTH rise in blood levels increase __. | aldosterone secretions slightly |
What is ANP? | Atrial natriuretic peptide - hormone secreted by heart when blood pressure rises & inhibits renin-angiotensin mechanism. |
ANP's overall influence is to __ blood pressure by allowing Na+ & water to __. | decrease, flow out of the body in urine. |
Hypersecretion of aldosterone is called __ & is typically the result of __. | aldosteronism, adrenal neoplasms. |
Aldosteronism results in __. | (1) hypertension & adema due to Na+ & water retension, & (2) excretion of K+ - muscle weakness. |
__ is a hyposecretory disease of adrenal cortex that involves deficient output of mineralcorticoids & glucocorticoids. | Addison's disease |
Glucocorticoids influence __ & helps resist stressors how? | energy metabolism - by keeping blood glucose levels consistant & increasing action of vasoconstrictors. |
Name 3 glucocorticoid hormones. | Cortisone, cortisol (hydrocortisone) & corticosterone. |
The basic mechanism of glucocorticoid activity on target cells is to __. | modify gene activity |
Cortisol (hydrocortisone) does what? | provokes gluconeogenesis - formation of glucose from fats - from adipose tissue - stored proteins broken down. |
What effects does cortisol have? | rise in blood levels of glucose, enhances epinephrine's vasoconstrictive effects, & raise blood pressure. |
Excessive glucocorticoids do what? | inhibit inflammation, but depress cartilage & bone formation, immune system, changes cardio, neural & gastrointestinal function. |
Cushing's syndrome is caused by __ excess. | glucocorticoid - may be caused by ACTH-releasing pituitary tumor. |
Name the "cushingoid signs". | Swollen moon face, buffalo hump on posterior neck, bruising, & poor wound healing. |
Addison's disease is caused by? | Major hyposecretory disorder of cortex & includes deficits of flucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids. |
Signs of Addison disease are? | Loss of weight, plasma glucose & Na+ drop, K+ level rise, dehydration, & hypotension. |
Testosterone & estrogens are converted from androgens made where? | Adrenal cortex - gonadocorticoids. |
What are the effects of adrenogenital syndrome. | hypersecretion of gonadocortoids - men get very horny & women develop beard & clitoris change to small penis. |
The adrenal medulla has chromaffin cells that are around sympathetic ganglionic neurons that synthesize __. | the catecholamines epinephrine & norepinephrine (NE). |
Name the molecular sequence from tyrosine to epinephrine. | Tyrosine->dopamine->NE->epinephrine |
Hypersecretion of catecholamines, pheochromocytoma, results in? | Uncontrolled sympathetic NS activity - hyperglycemia, increased metabolic rate, rapid HB, palpitations, hypertension, nervousness, & sweating. |
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