Chabner Ch 11 WWC Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
ACE inhibitor | Drug that causes dilation of blood vessels and lowers blood pressure, prevents heart attacks, strokes, and congestive heart failure. ACE stands for angiotensin-converting enzyme, which normally constricts blood vessels. |
acute coronary syndromes ACS | Consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries; unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack). |
anuerysm | Local widening or ballooning out of a small area of an artery. |
angina | Chest pain associated with myocardial ischemia. |
angiogram | X-ray record of a blood vessel. |
angiography | X-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material. |
angioplasty | Surgical repair of a blood vessel. |
anoxia | Lack of oxygen in body tissues. |
brachial artery | Artery that carries blood to the arm. |
aorta | Largest artery in the body. |
aortic stenosis | Narrowing of the aorta. |
beta-blocker | Drug used to treat high blood pressure and control heart rate. |
arrhythmia | Without rhythm; an irregular beat of the heart. |
arterial anastomosis | Surgical connection between two arteries. |
arteriography | X-ray recording of arteries; contrast is injected. |
arteriosclerosis | Hardening of an artery with collection of fatty plaque. |
artery | Largest type of blood vessel. |
atherectomy | Removal of plaque (lipids and clots) that accumulate in the lining of an artery. |
atheroma | Mass of fatty plaque that collects in an artery. |
atherosclerosis | Form of arteriosclerosis in which fatty plaque deposits in the interior lining of an artery. |
atrial | Pertaining to an atrium (upper chamber of the heart). |
atrial fibrillation | Electrical impulses move randomly throughout the atria, causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting with a normal rhythm. |
atrioventricular block | Failure of conduction of impulses from the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle and ventricles of the heart. |
atrioventricular bundle | Specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting impulses between them; bundle of His. |
atrioventricular node | Specialized tissue in the wall between the atria. Electrical impulses pass from the sino-atrial node (pacemaker) through the atrioventricular node and atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) toward the ventricles. |
atrium (pl. atria) | Upper chamber of the heart. |
auscultation | Use of a stethoscope to listen for sounds emanating from the heart or other organs. |
bundle of His | Atrioventricular bundle. |
bradycardia | Slow heartbeat. |
bruit | An abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard on auscultation of an artery or an organ. |
calcium channel blocker | Drug used to treat chest pain (angina) and high blood pressure (hypertension). |
capillary | Smallest blood vessel. |
carbon dioxide | Gas released by body cells and carried by veins to the heart, and then to the lungs for exhalation; CO2. |
cardiac arrest | Sudden, unexpected stoppage of the heart; sudden cardiac death. |
cardiac catheterization | Thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery and after contrast material is introduced, blood pressure is measured, and x-rays taken to image patterns of blood flow. |
cardiac MRI | Images of the heart are produced with magnetic waves. |
cardiac tamponade | Pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space. |
cardiomegaly | Enlargement of the heart. |
cardiomyopathy | Disease of heart muscle. |
cardioversion | Treatment for serious arrhythmias using brief discharges of electricity to shock the heart so that a normal rhythm can begin; defibrillation. |
claudication | Pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest. |
coarctation of the aorta | Congenital anomaly in which a portion of the aorta near the heart is narrowed or stenosed. |
computerized tomography angiography | X-ray images are combined with computerized tomography to produce a three-dimensional picture of the heart and blood vessels. |
congenital heart disease | Structural heart defects that appear at birth. |
congestive heart failure (CHF) | Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood. |
coronary arteries | Branches of the aorta bringing oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. |
coronary artery bypass grafting | Arteries or veins are grafted onto coronary arteries to bypass blocked arteries and bring need blood supply to the myocardium. |
coronary artery disease | Arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become clogged and blocked with deposits of fatty material and cholesterol (plaque). |
cyanosis | Abnormal condition of blueness of the skin; caused by decreased oxygen and increased carbon dioxide in the blood. |
deep-vein thrombosis | Blood clots form in a large vein, usually in the leg. |
deoxygenated blood | Blood that is oxygen-poor. |
diastole | Relaxation phase of the heartbeat. |
digital subtraction angiography | Video equipment, computer and x-ray machine produce images of blood vessels before and after injecting contrast material. |
Doppler ultrasound | Method of focusing sound waves on blood vessels to measure blood flow. |
echocardiography | High-energy sound waves are transmitted into the chest and images recorded of valves, chambers, surfaces and movement of the heart. |
electrocardiogram | Record of the electricity flowing through the heart. |
electrocardiography | Process of recording the electricity flowing through the heart. |
electron beam computed tomography | Electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early coronary artery disease. |
embolus (pl. emboli) | A clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel. |
endarterectomy | Surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery. |
endocarditis | Inflammation of the endocardium (inner lining of the heart). |
endocardium | Inner lining of the heart. |
endothelium | Innermost lining of blood vessels. |
extracorporeal circulation | Use of a heart-lung machine to divert blood from the heart and lungs during open heart surgery. |
fibrillation | Random, rapid, inefficient, irregular contractions of the atria or ventricles. |
flutter | Rapid, but regular contractions of the heart, usually of the atria. |
heart transplantation | Donor heart is transferred to a recipient. |
Holter monitoring | Compact version of an electrocardiograph is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias. |
interventricular septum | Wall between the ventricles of the heart. |
hypercholestrolemia | High levels of cholesterol in the blood. |
hypertension | High blood pressure. |
hypoxia | Hypoxia is deficiency of oxygen in body tissues. |
implantable cardioverter defibrillator | Small electric device implanted inside the chest (near the collarbone) to sense arrhythmias and terminate them to restore normal sinus rhythm. |
infarction | Area of dead tissue. |
ischemia | Holding back blood to an region of the body. Myocardial ischemia is deprivation of blood to the heart muscle. |
left ventricular assist device (LVAD) | Booster pump implanted in the abdomen with a tube inserted into the left ventricle. An LVAD is a “bridge to transplant” or destination therapy when heart transplantation is impossible. |
lipid tests | Measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a sample of blood. |
lipoprotein electrophoresis | Lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated in a blood sample. Examples of lipoproteins are HDL (high density lipoprotein) and LDL (low density lipoprotein). |
mitral stenosis | Narrowing of the mitral valve. |
mitral valve | Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle; bicuspid valve. |
mitral valve prolapse | Abnormal closure of the mitral valve so that blood refluxes backward into the left atrium during ventricular contraction. |
mitral valvulitis | Inflammation of the mitral valve. |
murmur | Extra sound heard between normal beats during auscultation of the heart. |
myocardial infarction | Area of dead (necrotic) tissue in the heart muscle; heart attack. |
myocardium | Muscular layer of the heart. |
myxoma | Rare neoplasm of connective tissue found in the heart muscle. |
nitroglycerin | Drug used in the treatment of angina (pectoris). It dilates coronary arteries so that more blood flows to heart muscle. |
normal sinus rhythm | Heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node. (pacemaker of the heart) |
occlusion | Blockage or closure of a vessel or tube. |
pacemaker | Specialized nervous tissue in the wall of the right atrium; it begins the heartbeat; sinoatrial node, SA node |
palpitations | Uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as skipped beats. |
patent ductus arteriosus | The ductus arteriosus, a small duct that is open during fetal circulation, fails to close at birth. " |
pericardial friction rub | Scraping or grating sound heard on auscultation of the heart. It is usually symptomatic of pericarditis. |
pericardiocentesis | Surgical puncture to remove fluid within the pericardial space surrounding the heart. |
percutaneous coronary intervention | A catheter with a balloon and stent is inserted into a coronary artery to remove collections of plaque. Drug-eluting stents release chemicals to keep debris and plaque from recollecting. |
pericarditis | Inflammation of the pericardium (double-layered outermost membrane of the heart). |
pericardium | Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart. |
peripheral vascular disease (PVD) | Blockage of blood vessels outside the heart. Carotid artery occlusion is an example. |
petechiae | Small pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin. |
phlebotomy | Incision into a vein. |
pulse | Beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries. |
pulmonary artery | Blood vessel carrying oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs. |
pulmonary valve | A valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. |
pulmonary vein | One of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. |
pulmonary circulation | Flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart. |
radiofrequency catheter ablation | To treat certain cardiac arrhythmias, radiofrequency energy is delivered from the tip of a catheter inserted through a blood vessel into the heart. The treatment destroys or ablates the tissue causing the arrhythmia. |
Raynaud disease | Recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis in fingers and toes caused by blood vessel spasms. |
rheumatic heart disease | Heart disease caused by rheumatic fever. |
septal defects | Small holes, present at birth, in the walls between the heart chambers. |
septum (pl. septa) | Wall or partition. The interatrial septum lies between the atria of the heart and the interventricular septum is between the ventricles of the heart. |
serum enzyme tests | Chemicals measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack. Examples are creatine kinase (CK), troponin-I (cTnI), and troponin T (cTnT). |
sinoatrial node | Sensitive nervous tissue in the wall of the right atrium; pacemaker of the heart. |
sphygmmanometer | Instrument to measure blood pressure. |
statins | Drugs given to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream. |
stethoscope | Instrument for listening to sounds in the chest. |
stress test | Exercise tolerance test (ETT) is used to determine the heart’s response to physical exertion. |
systemic circulation | Flow of blood from body tissues to the heart and from the heart back to the tissues. |
systole | Contraction phase of the heartbeat. |
tachycardia | Rapid heartbeat. |
technetium 99m sestamibi scan | Uptake of a radioactive chemical (technetium 99m sestamibi) in myocardium reveals evidence of a heart attack (myocardial infarction). |
telemetry | Continuous monitoring of a patient’s heart rhythm in a hospital. |
tetralogy of Fallot | Four separate defects of the heart occurring at birth. |
thallium 201 scan | Concentration of a radioactive substance (thallium 201) is measured in the myocardium to show evidence of an infarction (“cold spots”). |
thrill | Fine vibration felt on palpation (touching) the body over a blood vessel that is blocked. |
thrombolysis | Fine vibration felt on palpation (touching) the body over a blood vessel that is blocked. |
thrombolytic therapy | Injection of drugs (streptokinase and tPA) to dissolve clots in the bloodstream. |
thrombophlebitis | Inflammation of a vein and formation of a clot within the vein. |
thrombotic occlusion | Blockage of a blood vessel caused by thrombosis or clot formation. |
tricuspid valve | A valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle. |
valve | Structure in a vein or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows in the proper direction. |
valvotomy | Incision of a valve. |
valvuloplasty | Surgical repair of a valve. |
varicose veins | Swollen, twisted veins, often occurring in the legs. |
vascular | Pertaining to a blood vessel. |
vasoconstriction | Narrowing of a blood vessel. |
vasodilation | Widening of a blood vessel; vasodilatation. |
vegetations | Collections of clotted material that accumulate on endocardium and valves of the heart in conditions such as endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease. |
vein | Thin-walled blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor (deoxygenated) blood from body tissues back to the heart. |
vena cava (pl. vena cavae) | Largest vein in the body. The venae cavae (inferior and superior) return blood to the heart from the body tissues. |
venipuncture | Incision of a vein to remove blood. |
venous | Pertaining to a vein. |
ventricle | One of two lower chambers of the heart. |
venule | Small vein. |
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