GAR AL09 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Radius is (lateral/medial) and (shorter/longer) | lateral; slightly shorter |
Ulna is (lateral/medial) and (shorter/longer) | medial; slightly longer |
Interosseous membrane | Ligament that attaches the ulna and the radius |
Flexor compartment is located? | anterior |
Extensor compartment is located? | posterior |
Which forearm nerves are anterior? | medial nerve; ulnar nerve |
Which forearm nerves are posterior? | radial nerve |
Superficial forearm veins are surrounded by? | Cutaneous nerves |
Course of the cephalic vein along the arm and forearm | Runs laterally and continues down to the dorsal side of hand |
Basilic vein | Runs medially; combines with the cephalic vein to form the axillary vein |
Medial cubital vein | connects the basilic and cephalic vein; located in the cubital fossa (inner elbow triangle); most common location for blood draw; |
Brachial artery location | directly under the median cubital vein |
Median nerve location | median to the brachial artery (which is directly under the median cubital vein) |
When drawing blood from median cubital vein, stay _______ | superficial because you may hit other structures of cubital fossa which are deep to the vein |
Structures of the cubital fossa under the superficial veins (3) | Brachial artery; median nerve; tendons of biceps brachii (lateral); |
Head of radius is | proximal |
Radial styloid process sticks out | laterally and distally |
Which is more distal? (radial styloid process/ulnar styloid process) | Radial styloid process is more distal than ulnar syloid process; they can become level when bones break in the forearm |
Interosseous membrane function | Transfers weight bearing forces from radius to ulna; aids in supination and pronation; provides site for muscle attachment |
Orientation of radius and ulna during pronation | radius and ulna are parallel |
Orientation of radius and ulna during supination | radius crosses over ulna |
Interosseous membrane | Ligament that attaches the ulna and the radius |
Superficial muscles of the flexor compartment (4) - anterior | pronator teres; flexor carpi radialis; flexor carpi ulnaris; palmaris longus |
Origin of the superficial muscles of the flexor compartment | medial side |
Pronator teres function | pronates the forearm |
Pronator teres innervation | median nerve |
Flexor carpi radialis function | flexes and abducts the hand at the wrist |
Flexor carpi radialis innervation | median nerve |
Flexor carpi ulnaris function | flexes and adducts the hand at the wrist |
Flexor carpi ulnaris innervation | ulnar nerve |
Palmaris longus innervation | median nerve |
Palmaris longus function | Weak flexor (along with other flexor muscles); absent in 15% of population |
Median nerve innervates which superficial flexor compartment muscles | pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus |
Carpi | relating to the wrist; for bone names: flexes the wrist joint |
Intermediate flexor compartment muscle | Flexor digitorum superficialis (flexor digitorum sublimis) |
Flexor digitorum superficialis function | flexes wrist joint, Middle Phalanges, Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP) joints of median 4 digits |
Flexor digitorum superficialis innervation | median nerve |
Flexor digitorum superficialis artery | ulnar artery |
Deep flexor compartment muscles (3) | Flexor digitorum profundus; flexor pollicis longus; pronator quadratus |
Flexor digitorum profundus innervation | Ulnar half: ulnar nerve; Radial/lateral half: anterior interosseous branch of median nerve |
Flexor digitorum profundus function | flexes medial four digits at MP, PIP and DIP; assists with flexion of hand |
Pronator quadratus function | pronates the forearm |
Pronator quadratus innervation | median nerve |
What happens if forearm if the median nerve is lost? | lost pronation completely |
Flexor pollicis longus function | flexes thumb |
Flexor pollicis longus innervation | median nerve |
Nerves of the anterior forearm compartment | median; ulnar |
median nerve runs along | midline of the forearm |
Describe ulnar nerve position and path | Runs along the medial edge of the forearm, under flexor carpi ulnaris and above flexor digitorum profundus with the ulnar artery |
median nerve roots | C6-T1 |
ulnar nerve roots | C8-T1 |
Brachial nerve splits into | ulnar and radial arteries |
How many muscles in the forearm does the median nerve innervate? | 6.5 muscles (pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, radial 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus, pronator quadratus, flexor pollicis longus) |
How many muscles in the forearm does the ulnar nerve innervate? | 1.5 muscles (Flexor carpi ulnaris; ulnar 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus) |
Severed median nerve | loss of pronation, sensory loss, loss of function of 6.5 muscles, hand of benediction |
Hand of benediction | Dynamic sign; Result of severed median nerve at upper arm or elbow; Patient attempts to make fist but 1st, 2nd, 3rd, digits are extended, 4th (ring) and 5th (pinky) flexed (innervated by ulnar nerve) |
Injury at median recurrent nerve | Ape hand: cannot move the thumb outside of the plane of the palm. Loss of thenar muscle function |
Ulnar nerve injury at elbow | Static sign; develops over extended period of time; Hyperextension of MP joint; Flexion of PIP joint; Unlike Hand of Benediction, this is a static sign |
Describe the course of the radial artery | Runs on lateral/radial side of anterior forearm; Goes to posterior side of wrist joint then over thumb into palm to become deep palmar arch; Runs through snuff box |
Describe the course of the ulnar artery | Runs along ulnar side of anterior forearm; Curves around in palm to become superficial palmar arch; Gives off several digital branches |
Most blood comes from which artery (ulnar/radial) | ulnar artery |
3 functional groups of muscles in the extensor compartment | 1. extend and abduct or adduct at wrist |
Innervation of the extensor compartment | radial nerve (C5-T1) |
Common Interosseous Artery (location and root) | Large branch off ulnar artery that comes off at end of cubital fossa |
Common Interosseous Artery division | Anterior interosseous; posterior interosseous |
Anterior interosseous artery runs | anterior to interosseous membrane |
Posterior interosseous artery runs | posterior side of membrane (pierces membrane first) |
Posterior interosseous artery supplies | deep muscles of forearm |
Extensor compartment (anterior/posterior forearm) | Posterior forearm |
Radial nerve innervates | Extensor muscles |
radial nerve roots | C5-T1 |
Radial nerve branches into | superficial and deep radial nerves |
Deep branch of the radial nerve innervates | muscles |
Superficial branch of the radial nerve innervates | cutaneous (skin of the posterior forearm and part of the dorsum of hand) |
Radial nerve injury | Wrist drop: loss of extension, hand hangs down |
General origin and course of extensor muscles | Originate from lateral side of arm at elbow joint then run distally and medially |
Extend and abduct/adduct wrist | Extensor carpi radialis longus- extend and abduct wrist on radial side |
Extend and abduct wrist | Extensor carpi radialis longus- extend and abduct wrist on radial side |
Extend and adduct wrist | Extensor carpi ulnaris- extend and adduct wrist on medial side |
Muscles that extend wrist begin with | extensor carpi |
Muscles that extend medial four digits (3) | Extensor digitorum communis- extend medial four digits |
Extensor digitorum communis | extend medial four digits |
Extensor indicis | extend index finger |
Extensor digiti minimi | extend little finger |
Extensor carpi radialis longus | extend and abduct wrist on radial side |
Extensor carpi radialis brevis | extend and abduct wrist joint on radial side |
Extensor carpi ulnaris | extend and adduct wrist on medial side |
Abductor pollicis longus | abduct thumb |
Extensor pollicis brevis | extend thumb |
Extensor pollicis longus | extend thumb |
Muscles that Extend or abduct thumb (3) | Deep muscles involved in thumb movement; |
Muscles that extend or abduct thumb location (run on...) | Run on lateral side of wrist |
Snuffbox formed by | Tendons of the muscles that extend or abduct thumb |
Muscles that supinate forearm | Supinator- only strong supinator in forearm; Biceps brachii also supinates; |
Stronger: pronators or supinators? | Supinators |
Movements of thumb (4) | Extension; Flexion; Abduction; Adduction; Opposition |
Thumb Extension | increasing angle between thumb and hand in the plane of the hand |
Thumb Flexion | decreasing angle between thumb and hand in the plane of the hand |
Thumb Abduction | moving thumb away from the hand at a right angle to palmar surface |
Thumb Adduction | returning the thumb t the hand from a right angle with the palmar surface |
Thumb Opposition | touching the thumb to the little finger- unique to humans |
Tennis elbow | (Elbow tendonitis) Inflammation of the common tendon of origin (common extensor attachment) for all posterior forearm muscles. Patient has pain around lateral epicondyle with radiation down lateral forearm. AKA: lateral epicondylitis |
Elbow tendonitis | (Tennis elbow) Inflammation of the common tendon of origin (common extensor attachment) for all posterior forearm muscles. Patient has pain around lateral epicondyle with radiation down lateral forearm. AKA: lateral epicondylitis |
Tendons/synovial sheaths location | dorsum of hand |
Snuff box | 1. Extensor Pollicis Brevis & Abductor Pollicis Longus (anterior) |
Extensor retinaculum | ligament that holds all tendons in position as they are working |
Synovial sheath covers | tendons |
Synovial sheath contains | synovial fluid |
Synovial fluid in synovial sheath | to make movements of tendons smooth |
Why are patterns of synovial sheaths important | to understanding how infection will spread |
Extensor expansion | "the flattened tendons (aponeurosis) of extensor muscles that run into the back of the hand; form a ""hood""" |
Aponeuroses | layers of flat broad tendons; their primary function is to join muscles and the body parts the muscles act upon |
Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm branches from? | final branches of musculocutaneous nerve |
What attaches to the tuberosity? | ... |
Capitulum | ... |
Trochlear notch | ... |
Coronoid process | Bottom part of Trochlear notch on ulna |
Bicipital aponeurosis | a broad extension of the biceps tendon that attaches to the antebrachial fascia. It is located on the medial side of the biceps brachii tendon. |
Head of radius articulates with what part of the humerus? | capitulum |
Radial tuberosity | ... |
Created by:
paul411
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