BIO 202 Heart test Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
Location of the heart in the body | mediastinum; anterior to vertebral column, posterior to sternum |
Pulmonary circuit | right atrium-tricuspid valve-right ventricle-pulmonary arteries-lungs-pulmonary veins-left atrium |
Systematic circuit | left atrium-bicuspid valve-left ventricle-aorta-body tissues-superior and inferior vena cava-right atrium |
Double walled sac around the heart | Pericardium |
3 layers of the pericardium | fibrous layer, parietal layer, visceral layer |
Separates the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium | pericardial cavity |
Fibrous pericardium | connective tissue, outer fibrous sac around heart |
Serous pericardium | parietal layer, visceral layer |
Parietal layer of pericardium | internal surface of fibrous pericardium (cavity wall) |
Visceral layer of pericardium | (Epicardium)lines the surface of the heart |
Protects and anchors the heart and prevents overfilling of the heart with blood | Pericardium |
Layer that coronary blood vessels travel through | Epicardium |
Muscle layer of the heart | myocardium |
Allows heart to work in a relatively friction free environment | Pericardium |
Smooth lining for chambers of the heart, valves, and continuous lining of large blood vessels | Endocardium |
Receive blood in the heart | Right and left atria |
Pump blood into the arteries | right and left ventricles |
Functional blood supply to the muscle itself | coronary circulation |
Ensure blood delivery to the heart | collateral routes |
Left coronary artery divides into: | anterior IV artery, circumflex artery |
Right coronary artery divides into: | Posterior IV, marginal arteries |
Supplies blood to IV septum and anterior wall of ventricle | Anterior IV artery |
supplies left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle | circumflex artery |
supplies posterior ventricle walls | posterior IV artery |
supplies lateral right chambers | marginal artery |
Coronary veins | Great cardiac, anterior cardiac, small cardiac, and middle cardiac |
All coronary veins drain into: | Coronary sinus |
Where does the coronary sinus empty | The right atrium |
Take blood from the body to the heart | Veins |
Take oxygenated blood to the heart | arteries |
Prevent backflow into atria when ventricles contract | AV valves |
Right AV valve | 3 cusps; tricuspid valve |
Left AV valve | 2 cusps; mitral, bicuspid valve |
Anchor AV valves to papillary muscles | Chordae tendinae |
lie between ventricle and aorta | Aortic semilunar valve |
lie between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk | pulmonary semilunar valve |
Prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles | semiular valves |
Where do the atria receive blood from | superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus |
Remnant of foramen ovale | Fossa ovalis |
Blood enters left atria from? | pulmonary veins |
internal ridges of myocardium in the right atrium | pectinate muscles |
Mark ventricular walls | papillary muscles and trabeculae carnae |
Pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk | right ventricle |
Pumps blood into the aorta | left ventricle |
When the bicuspid valve is open, the papillary muscles are ____ | relaxed |
When the atria contract, the AV valves are? | open |
When the ventricles are relaxed, the AV valves are? | closed |
What happens when the atria contract | blood flows from atria to ventricles |
What happens to the ventricles when atria contract | They are relaxed and pressure drops |
When the ventricles contract, the AV valves? | close |
What causes the AV valves to close during ventricular contraction | papillary muscles contract and pull on chordae tendinae |
What happens to the semilunar valves when ventricles contract | they remain open |
What happens to pressure when ventricles contract | Pressure rises |
How is blood prevented from flowing from ventricle back into atria | Papillary muscles contract and chordae tendinae tighten so valve flaps can't evert into atria |
Striated, short, fat, branched, interconnected muscle | cardiac muscle |
Cardiac muscle has that no other type of muscle has | Intercalated discs |
Intercalated discs | anchor cardiac cells together and allow free passage of ions |
Mitochondria in cardiac muscle | large to resist fatigue |
Stimulates cardiac muscle | nerves and self-excitable cells |
Makes electrical event longer in the heart muscle | Calcium |
Contracts as a unit | cardiac muscle |
Cardiac muscle contraction is similar to ______ contraction | skeletal muscle |
What makes myocardial contraction different from skeletal contraction | action potential, calcium ions, and plateau |
Action potential | long absolute refractory period |
What does the action potential rely on | Na+, K+, and Ca2+ channels |
Prevents wave summation and tetany | absolute refractory period |
Ensures the ventricles contract long enough to eject blood | plateau |
What happens before rapid depolarization | Na+ channels open |
Required rest between electrical impulses | Absolute refractory period |
What happens before repolarization occurs | Na+ channels close, Ca2+ channels open, K+ channels open, Ca2+ channels close |
Internal system of the heart | intrinsic conduction system |
Cardiac cells that initiate and distribute impulses to ensure orderly depolarization | nodal cells |
Pacemaker potential | cell always fires on its own |
What sets up depolarization | Na+ leaks into the cell |
Each depolarization=? | one heart beat |
Pacemaker that initiates heartbeat | Sinoatrial (SA) node |
Electrical gateway to ventricles | Atrioventricular (AV) node |
Delays the impulse by .1 second | AV node |
Impulses pass from atria to ventricles via _____ | Atrioventricular bundle |
Av bundle splits into 2 pathways in interventricular septum: | bundle branches |
Carry impulse toward apex of heart | bundle branches |
carry impulse to heart apex and ventricular walls | Purkinje fibers |
Happens to get muscle contractions | cardiac intrinsic conduction |
all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cells detected, amplified, and recorded by electrodes | ECG |
Sets the sinus rhythm | SA node |
Records electrical activity of the heart | ECG |
QRS complex=? | one heartbeat |
P wave | SA node fires, atrial depolarization, Atria contract |
Initiated by SA node firing | P wave |
Ventricles repolarize at apex and relaz | T wave |
Reach apex of heart at wave __ | Q |
QRS complex | AV node fires, ventricular depolarization, ventricular systole (atrial repolarization and distole) |
Striated, short, fat, branched, interconnected muscle | cardiac muscle |
Cardiac muscle has that no other type of muscle has | Intercalated discs |
Intercalated discs | anchor cardiac cells together and allow free passage of ions |
Mitochondria in cardiac muscle | large to resist fatigue |
Stimulates cardiac muscle | nerves and self-excitable cells |
Makes electrical event longer in the heart muscle | Calcium |
Contracts as a unit | cardiac muscle |
Cardiac muscle contraction is similar to ______ contraction | skeletal muscle |
What makes myocardial contraction different from skeletal contraction | action potential, calcium ions, and plateau |
Action potential | long absolute refractory period |
What does the action potential rely on | Na+, K+, and Ca2+ channels |
Prevents wave summation and tetany | absolute refractory period |
Ensures the ventricles contract long enough to eject blood | plateau |
What happens before rapid depolarization | Na+ channels open |
Required rest between electrical impulses | Absolute refractory period |
What happens before repolarization occurs | Na+ channels close, Ca2+ channels open, K+ channels open, Ca2+ channels close |
Internal system of the heart | intrinsic conduction system |
Cardiac cells that initiate and distribute impulses to ensure orderly depolarization | nodal cells |
Pacemaker potential | cell always fires on its own |
What sets up depolarization | Na+ leaks into the cell |
Each depolarization=? | one heart beat |
Pacemaker that initiates heartbeat | Sinoatrial (SA) node |
Electrical gateway to ventricles | Atrioventricular (AV) node |
Delays the impulse by .1 second | AV node |
Impulses pass from atria to ventricles via _____ | Atrioventricular bundle |
Av bundle splits into 2 pathways in interventricular septum: | bundle branches |
Carry impulse toward apex of heart | bundle branches |
carry impulse to heart apex and ventricular walls | Purkinje fibers |
Happens to get muscle contractions | cardiac intrinsic conduction |
all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cells detected, amplified, and recorded by electrodes | ECG |
Sets the sinus rhythm | SA node |
Records electrical activity of the heart | ECG |
QRS complex=? | one heartbeat |
P wave | SA node fires, atrial depolarization, Atria contract |
Initiated by SA node firing | P wave |
Ventricles repolarize at apex and relaz | T wave |
Reach apex of heart at wave __ | Q |
QRS complex | AV node fires, ventricular depolarization, ventricular systole (atrial repolarization and distole) |
When does atria contraction occur | P-Q segment |
When does ventricular contraction occur | S-T segment |
Where do the ventricles begin to depolarize | Apex |
Auscultation | listening to valve function |
Contraction of heart muscle is also called: | Systole |
Relaxation of heart muscle is also called: | Diastole |
First sound of heart sounds | AV valves close |
Signifies beginning of systole | AV valves close |
Second sound of heart sounds | SL valves close |
Beginning of ventricular diastole | SL valves close |
All events associated with blood flow through the heart | Cardiac cycle |
During atrial systole, ventricle is ____ | diastole |
Phase of the cardiac cycle where atria contract | ventricular filling |
Phase of cardiac cycle | j |
Phase of cardiac cycle where heart pressure is low and AV valves are open | Ventricular filling |
Blood enters atria and flows into ventricles, then atrial systole occurs | Ventricular filling |
Another name for isovolumetric contraction | ventricular systole |
Tension and pressure build during what phase of the cardiac cycle | Ventricular systole |
Phase of the cardiac cycle that opens the semilunar vavles | Ventricular ejection |
What phase of the cardiac cycle do atria relax | Ventricular systole |
During what phase of the cardiac cycle is blood moving/flowing | Ventricular ejection |
Early diastole, where ventricles relax | Isovolumetric relaxation |
Phases of the cardiac cycle | ventricular filling, ventricular systole (contraction), ventricular ejectoin, isovolumetric relaxation |
Relaxed ventricle volume (blood occupying the relaxed ventricles) | EDV |
Blood remaining in each ventricle after systole | ESV |
Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute | cardiac output |
The amount of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat | Stroke volume (SV) |
End diastolic volume (EDV) - end systolic volume (ESV) | SV |
Heart rate x stroke volume | cardiac output |
Difference between resting and maximal CO | cardiac reserve |
Unbalanced ventricular output can lead to: | pulmonary edema (fluid in lungs) |
Amount ventricles are stretched by blood before they contract | preload |
Increased preload causes ____ contraction strength | increased |
Contraction force for a given preload (the strength of the heart) | Contractility |
Achieving big EDV | Preload |
Increases stroke volume | preload and contraction force |
Decreases stroke volume | afterload |
Back pressure exerted by blood in the large arteries leaving the heart | Afterload |
Detect changes in physical activity and feedback to medulla and adjust heart rate to what's appropriate | Proprioceptors |
Sense pressure in aorta and send real-time signals to cardiac center | Baroreceptors |
Sense blood pH, CO2, and O2 | Chemoreceptors |
Stimulates the heart | cardioacceleratory center of the medulla |
Inhibits the heart | cardioinhibitory center of medulla |
Stimulates the vagus nerve | cardioinhibitory center |
Sympathetic center in medulla | cardioacceleratory center |
increase in contractility comes from: | positive inotropic factors |
Increase in contractile strength, independent of stretch and EDV | contractility |
Negative inotropic factors | increased extracellular K+, calcium channel blockers |
Positive inotropic factors | epinephrine, glucagon, thyroxine; Ca2+, some drugs |
Effect of epinephrine and thyroxine on contraction force | Makes harder contractions |
Determines heart rate | rate of depolarization in autorhythmic cells |
Slows heart rate | Parasympathetic innervation |
Makes heart rate faster | Sympathetic innervation/ epinephrine |
Determines stroke volume | force of contraction in ventricular myocardium |
Influences stroke volume | contractility, length-tension relationship of muscle fibers |
Congestive heart failure | pumping efficiency is so low that blood circulation can't meet the needs of tissue |
Opening connecting the two atria to bypass pulmonary circuit | foramen ovale |
Becomes fossa ovalis in an adult | Foramen ovalis |
Connects aorta and pulmonary trunk | Ductus arteriosus |
Becomes ligamentum arteriosum in adult | ductus arteriosus |
Three major types of vessels | arteries, capillaries, veins |
Carry blood away from the heart | arteries |
Carry blood toward the heart | veins |
Contact tissue cells and serve cellular needs | Capillaries |
Arteries that feed directly into capillary beds | Arterioles |
Three tunics of arteries and veins | tunica intima/interna, media, externa |
Central blood containing space | Lumen |
Vessels composed of one layer | capillaries (endothelium) |
Tunica that is an endothelial layer lining lumen | Tunica inerna |
Tunica that is a smooth muscle and elastic fiber layer | Tunica media |
Tunica that reduces friction | Tunica interna |
Controls vasoconstriction/dilation of vessels | Tunica media |
Tunica regulated by sympathetic nervous system | Tunica media |
Tunica that is collagen fibers | Tunica externa |
Strengthens blood vessels and prevents blood pressure from rupturing them | Tunica media |
Protect and reinforce vessels | tunica externa |
Anchors vessels and provides passage for small nerves and lymphatic vessels | Tunica externa |
Thick media and no vavles | Arteries |
Contains valves and has large lumen | vessels |
Most of the blood in the body is in the ____ at any given time | Veins |
Capacitance vessels | veins |
Conduct blood to big regions of the body | elastic (conducting) arteries |
Thick-walled arteries near the heart | elastic arteries |
Why are arteries sometimes called resistance vessels | They have relatively strong, resilient tissue structure that resists high blood pressure |
Vessels that resist high blood pressure | arteries |
Resistance vessels | arteries |
Deliver blood to body organs | Muscular arteries |
Thich tunica media with more smooth muscle and active in vasosconstriction | Muscular arteries |
Muscular arteries branch into: | arterioles |
Smallest arteries that lead to capillary beds | arterioles |
Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation/constriction | arterioles |
The smallest blood vessels | capillaries |
Walls consisting of thin tunica interna one cell thick | capillaries |
Stabilize capilarry walls and can contract to regulate blood flow | Pericytes |
Diffuse easily through capillaries | lipid soluble substances (steroid hormones, O2, CO2 |
3 structural types of capillaries: | |
Filtrated out of capilarries | O2, H2O, glucose, electrolytes, hormoens |
Reabsorbed into capillaries | CO2, metabolic waste, H2O, hormones |
Capillaries that are abundant in skin and muscles | Continuous capillaries |
Found wherever active capillary absorption or filtration occurs | Fenestrated capillaries |
Where are fenestrated capillaries located | Small intestines, endocrine glands, and kidneys |
Fenestrated capillaries in small intestines | absorb lots of nutrients |
Fenestrated capillaries in endocrine glands | taking/giving hormones |
Fenestrated capillaries in kidneys | filter blood/reabsorption |
Characterized by an endothelium riddled with pores | Fenestrated capillaries |
Highly modified, leaky capillaries | Sinusoids |
Capillaries with large lumens | Sinusoids |
Capillaries found in liver,bone marrow, spleen, lymphoid tissue, and some endocrine organs | Sinusoids |
Capillaries that allow large molecules to pass between blood | Sinusoids |
Capillaries where blood flows sluggishly | Sinusoids |
Cuff of smooth muscle that surrounds each true capillary | Precapillary sphincter |
Regulates blood flow into the capillary | Precapillary sphincter |
Capacitance vessels | veins |
Vessels with a greater capacity for blood containment | Veins |
Vessels with then walls and less muscular and elastic tissue | Veins |
Vessels with steady blood flow | Veins |
Vessels with relatively low blood pressure | veins |
Where is blood pressure the lowest | superior vena cava |
Formed when venules converge | Veins |
Circulatory route | heart-arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins |
Blood flows through 2 consecutive capillary networks before returning to heart | Portal system |
The point where 1 blood vessels merge | Anastomoses |
Blood flow = ? | CO in vessels |
Most important to influence blood pressure | resistance in valves |
Blood flow is directly proportional to? | difference in blood pressure between 2 different points in circulation |
Force per unit are exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by its contained blood | Blood pressure |
Provides driving force that keeps blood moving from higher to lower pressure areas | differences in BP within vascular system |
Blood pressure is extremely high in: | aorta |
3 important sources of resistance | blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, and vessel radius |
Most powerful influence over blood flow | Vessel radius |
Major determinants of peripheral resistance | small-diameter arterioles |
Pressure results when? | flow is opposed by resistance |
Systematic pressure is highest in: | aorta |
Steepest change in blood pressure occurs in: | arterioles |
Arteriole blood pressure reflects 2 factors of arteries close to heart: | elasticity and amount of blood forced into them |
Pressure exerted on arterial walls during ventricular contraction | systolic pressure |
diastolic pressure | pressure remaining in vessels |
Pressure sensitive to peripheral resistance | diastolic pressure |
Blood pressure that is steady and changes little during the cardiac cycle | Venous BP |
Pressure changes created during breathing | respiratory pump |
Required to maintain blood pressure | cooperation of heart, vessels, and kidneys; supervision of the brain |
Main factors influencing blood pressure | CO, PR, BV |
Blood pressure = ? | CO x PR |
2 things that determine CO | venous return, neural and hormonal controls |
Resting heart rate controlled by | cardioinhibitory center via vagus nerves |
Stroke volume controlled by | venous return |
Increases heart rate and stroke volume under stress | cardioacceleratory center |
3 short term controls of blood pressure | local, neural, hormonal |
Long term control of blood pressure | regulate blood volume |
Ability of tissues to regulate their own blood supply | Autoregulation |
What happens to vessles when wastes are removed | they constrict |
If blood supply is cut off and then restored blood flow... | increases above normal |
Reactive hyperemia | blood flow cut off then restored, BF increases above normal |
Angiogenesis | growth of new blood vessels |
Local control of BP: | autoregulation, reactive hyperemia, angiogenesis |
Neural control of BP: | CNS and ANS; medulla oblongata |
Exerts sympathetic control over blood vessels throughout body | vasomotor center of Medulla oblongata |
Stimulates most vessles to constrict | medulla oblongata |
Dilates vessels in skeletal and cardiac muscle to meet demands of exercise | medulla oblongata |
Increased blood pressure causes ___ baroreceptor signals | increased |
Baroreceptors stimulate cardioinhibitory center to cause: | vasodilation, decrease HR, CO, PR, BP, decrease sympathetic tone |
Decreased BP stimulates cardioacceleratory center to: | increase CO and PR, increase sympathetic tone and vasoconstriction |
Epinephrine and norepihephrine on lood pressure | increase short term |
Hormone that increases blood pressure long term | Aldosterone |
Promotes water retention and raises BP | ADH |
Generates angiotensin II | release of renin from kidneys |
Hormonea that cause vasoconstriction | Angiotensin II, ADH |
Hormones that increase BP | ADH, AG2, Aldosterone, epinephrine |
Chemicals that decrease BP | ANP, NO, inflammatory chemicals, alcohol |
Antagonist to aldosterone that decreases BP | ANP |
Increases urinary sodium excretion to cause BV and pressure to decline | ANP |
Chemical that is a brief but potent vasodilator | NO |
Inhibits ADH and causes BP to drop | alcohol |
Adapt to chronic high or low BP | baroreceptors |
Created by:
beshoe
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