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BIO 202 Heart test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Location of the heart in the body | mediastinum; anterior to vertebral column, posterior to sternum |
| Pulmonary circuit | right atrium-tricuspid valve-right ventricle-pulmonary arteries-lungs-pulmonary veins-left atrium |
| Systematic circuit | left atrium-bicuspid valve-left ventricle-aorta-body tissues-superior and inferior vena cava-right atrium |
| Double walled sac around the heart | Pericardium |
| 3 layers of the pericardium | fibrous layer, parietal layer, visceral layer |
| Separates the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium | pericardial cavity |
| Fibrous pericardium | connective tissue, outer fibrous sac around heart |
| Serous pericardium | parietal layer, visceral layer |
| Parietal layer of pericardium | internal surface of fibrous pericardium (cavity wall) |
| Visceral layer of pericardium | (Epicardium)lines the surface of the heart |
| Protects and anchors the heart and prevents overfilling of the heart with blood | Pericardium |
| Layer that coronary blood vessels travel through | Epicardium |
| Muscle layer of the heart | myocardium |
| Allows heart to work in a relatively friction free environment | Pericardium |
| Smooth lining for chambers of the heart, valves, and continuous lining of large blood vessels | Endocardium |
| Receive blood in the heart | Right and left atria |
| Pump blood into the arteries | right and left ventricles |
| Functional blood supply to the muscle itself | coronary circulation |
| Ensure blood delivery to the heart | collateral routes |
| Left coronary artery divides into: | anterior IV artery, circumflex artery |
| Right coronary artery divides into: | Posterior IV, marginal arteries |
| Supplies blood to IV septum and anterior wall of ventricle | Anterior IV artery |
| supplies left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle | circumflex artery |
| supplies posterior ventricle walls | posterior IV artery |
| supplies lateral right chambers | marginal artery |
| Coronary veins | Great cardiac, anterior cardiac, small cardiac, and middle cardiac |
| All coronary veins drain into: | Coronary sinus |
| Where does the coronary sinus empty | The right atrium |
| Take blood from the body to the heart | Veins |
| Take oxygenated blood to the heart | arteries |
| Prevent backflow into atria when ventricles contract | AV valves |
| Right AV valve | 3 cusps; tricuspid valve |
| Left AV valve | 2 cusps; mitral, bicuspid valve |
| Anchor AV valves to papillary muscles | Chordae tendinae |
| lie between ventricle and aorta | Aortic semilunar valve |
| lie between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk | pulmonary semilunar valve |
| Prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles | semiular valves |
| Where do the atria receive blood from | superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus |
| Remnant of foramen ovale | Fossa ovalis |
| Blood enters left atria from? | pulmonary veins |
| internal ridges of myocardium in the right atrium | pectinate muscles |
| Mark ventricular walls | papillary muscles and trabeculae carnae |
| Pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk | right ventricle |
| Pumps blood into the aorta | left ventricle |
| When the bicuspid valve is open, the papillary muscles are ____ | relaxed |
| When the atria contract, the AV valves are? | open |
| When the ventricles are relaxed, the AV valves are? | closed |
| What happens when the atria contract | blood flows from atria to ventricles |
| What happens to the ventricles when atria contract | They are relaxed and pressure drops |
| When the ventricles contract, the AV valves? | close |
| What causes the AV valves to close during ventricular contraction | papillary muscles contract and pull on chordae tendinae |
| What happens to the semilunar valves when ventricles contract | they remain open |
| What happens to pressure when ventricles contract | Pressure rises |
| How is blood prevented from flowing from ventricle back into atria | Papillary muscles contract and chordae tendinae tighten so valve flaps can't evert into atria |
| Striated, short, fat, branched, interconnected muscle | cardiac muscle |
| Cardiac muscle has that no other type of muscle has | Intercalated discs |
| Intercalated discs | anchor cardiac cells together and allow free passage of ions |
| Mitochondria in cardiac muscle | large to resist fatigue |
| Stimulates cardiac muscle | nerves and self-excitable cells |
| Makes electrical event longer in the heart muscle | Calcium |
| Contracts as a unit | cardiac muscle |
| Cardiac muscle contraction is similar to ______ contraction | skeletal muscle |
| What makes myocardial contraction different from skeletal contraction | action potential, calcium ions, and plateau |
| Action potential | long absolute refractory period |
| What does the action potential rely on | Na+, K+, and Ca2+ channels |
| Prevents wave summation and tetany | absolute refractory period |
| Ensures the ventricles contract long enough to eject blood | plateau |
| What happens before rapid depolarization | Na+ channels open |
| Required rest between electrical impulses | Absolute refractory period |
| What happens before repolarization occurs | Na+ channels close, Ca2+ channels open, K+ channels open, Ca2+ channels close |
| Internal system of the heart | intrinsic conduction system |
| Cardiac cells that initiate and distribute impulses to ensure orderly depolarization | nodal cells |
| Pacemaker potential | cell always fires on its own |
| What sets up depolarization | Na+ leaks into the cell |
| Each depolarization=? | one heart beat |
| Pacemaker that initiates heartbeat | Sinoatrial (SA) node |
| Electrical gateway to ventricles | Atrioventricular (AV) node |
| Delays the impulse by .1 second | AV node |
| Impulses pass from atria to ventricles via _____ | Atrioventricular bundle |
| Av bundle splits into 2 pathways in interventricular septum: | bundle branches |
| Carry impulse toward apex of heart | bundle branches |
| carry impulse to heart apex and ventricular walls | Purkinje fibers |
| Happens to get muscle contractions | cardiac intrinsic conduction |
| all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cells detected, amplified, and recorded by electrodes | ECG |
| Sets the sinus rhythm | SA node |
| Records electrical activity of the heart | ECG |
| QRS complex=? | one heartbeat |
| P wave | SA node fires, atrial depolarization, Atria contract |
| Initiated by SA node firing | P wave |
| Ventricles repolarize at apex and relaz | T wave |
| Reach apex of heart at wave __ | Q |
| QRS complex | AV node fires, ventricular depolarization, ventricular systole (atrial repolarization and distole) |
| Striated, short, fat, branched, interconnected muscle | cardiac muscle |
| Cardiac muscle has that no other type of muscle has | Intercalated discs |
| Intercalated discs | anchor cardiac cells together and allow free passage of ions |
| Mitochondria in cardiac muscle | large to resist fatigue |
| Stimulates cardiac muscle | nerves and self-excitable cells |
| Makes electrical event longer in the heart muscle | Calcium |
| Contracts as a unit | cardiac muscle |
| Cardiac muscle contraction is similar to ______ contraction | skeletal muscle |
| What makes myocardial contraction different from skeletal contraction | action potential, calcium ions, and plateau |
| Action potential | long absolute refractory period |
| What does the action potential rely on | Na+, K+, and Ca2+ channels |
| Prevents wave summation and tetany | absolute refractory period |
| Ensures the ventricles contract long enough to eject blood | plateau |
| What happens before rapid depolarization | Na+ channels open |
| Required rest between electrical impulses | Absolute refractory period |
| What happens before repolarization occurs | Na+ channels close, Ca2+ channels open, K+ channels open, Ca2+ channels close |
| Internal system of the heart | intrinsic conduction system |
| Cardiac cells that initiate and distribute impulses to ensure orderly depolarization | nodal cells |
| Pacemaker potential | cell always fires on its own |
| What sets up depolarization | Na+ leaks into the cell |
| Each depolarization=? | one heart beat |
| Pacemaker that initiates heartbeat | Sinoatrial (SA) node |
| Electrical gateway to ventricles | Atrioventricular (AV) node |
| Delays the impulse by .1 second | AV node |
| Impulses pass from atria to ventricles via _____ | Atrioventricular bundle |
| Av bundle splits into 2 pathways in interventricular septum: | bundle branches |
| Carry impulse toward apex of heart | bundle branches |
| carry impulse to heart apex and ventricular walls | Purkinje fibers |
| Happens to get muscle contractions | cardiac intrinsic conduction |
| all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cells detected, amplified, and recorded by electrodes | ECG |
| Sets the sinus rhythm | SA node |
| Records electrical activity of the heart | ECG |
| QRS complex=? | one heartbeat |
| P wave | SA node fires, atrial depolarization, Atria contract |
| Initiated by SA node firing | P wave |
| Ventricles repolarize at apex and relaz | T wave |
| Reach apex of heart at wave __ | Q |
| QRS complex | AV node fires, ventricular depolarization, ventricular systole (atrial repolarization and distole) |
| When does atria contraction occur | P-Q segment |
| When does ventricular contraction occur | S-T segment |
| Where do the ventricles begin to depolarize | Apex |
| Auscultation | listening to valve function |
| Contraction of heart muscle is also called: | Systole |
| Relaxation of heart muscle is also called: | Diastole |
| First sound of heart sounds | AV valves close |
| Signifies beginning of systole | AV valves close |
| Second sound of heart sounds | SL valves close |
| Beginning of ventricular diastole | SL valves close |
| All events associated with blood flow through the heart | Cardiac cycle |
| During atrial systole, ventricle is ____ | diastole |
| Phase of the cardiac cycle where atria contract | ventricular filling |
| Phase of cardiac cycle | j |
| Phase of cardiac cycle where heart pressure is low and AV valves are open | Ventricular filling |
| Blood enters atria and flows into ventricles, then atrial systole occurs | Ventricular filling |
| Another name for isovolumetric contraction | ventricular systole |
| Tension and pressure build during what phase of the cardiac cycle | Ventricular systole |
| Phase of the cardiac cycle that opens the semilunar vavles | Ventricular ejection |
| What phase of the cardiac cycle do atria relax | Ventricular systole |
| During what phase of the cardiac cycle is blood moving/flowing | Ventricular ejection |
| Early diastole, where ventricles relax | Isovolumetric relaxation |
| Phases of the cardiac cycle | ventricular filling, ventricular systole (contraction), ventricular ejectoin, isovolumetric relaxation |
| Relaxed ventricle volume (blood occupying the relaxed ventricles) | EDV |
| Blood remaining in each ventricle after systole | ESV |
| Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute | cardiac output |
| The amount of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat | Stroke volume (SV) |
| End diastolic volume (EDV) - end systolic volume (ESV) | SV |
| Heart rate x stroke volume | cardiac output |
| Difference between resting and maximal CO | cardiac reserve |
| Unbalanced ventricular output can lead to: | pulmonary edema (fluid in lungs) |
| Amount ventricles are stretched by blood before they contract | preload |
| Increased preload causes ____ contraction strength | increased |
| Contraction force for a given preload (the strength of the heart) | Contractility |
| Achieving big EDV | Preload |
| Increases stroke volume | preload and contraction force |
| Decreases stroke volume | afterload |
| Back pressure exerted by blood in the large arteries leaving the heart | Afterload |
| Detect changes in physical activity and feedback to medulla and adjust heart rate to what's appropriate | Proprioceptors |
| Sense pressure in aorta and send real-time signals to cardiac center | Baroreceptors |
| Sense blood pH, CO2, and O2 | Chemoreceptors |
| Stimulates the heart | cardioacceleratory center of the medulla |
| Inhibits the heart | cardioinhibitory center of medulla |
| Stimulates the vagus nerve | cardioinhibitory center |
| Sympathetic center in medulla | cardioacceleratory center |
| increase in contractility comes from: | positive inotropic factors |
| Increase in contractile strength, independent of stretch and EDV | contractility |
| Negative inotropic factors | increased extracellular K+, calcium channel blockers |
| Positive inotropic factors | epinephrine, glucagon, thyroxine; Ca2+, some drugs |
| Effect of epinephrine and thyroxine on contraction force | Makes harder contractions |
| Determines heart rate | rate of depolarization in autorhythmic cells |
| Slows heart rate | Parasympathetic innervation |
| Makes heart rate faster | Sympathetic innervation/ epinephrine |
| Determines stroke volume | force of contraction in ventricular myocardium |
| Influences stroke volume | contractility, length-tension relationship of muscle fibers |
| Congestive heart failure | pumping efficiency is so low that blood circulation can't meet the needs of tissue |
| Opening connecting the two atria to bypass pulmonary circuit | foramen ovale |
| Becomes fossa ovalis in an adult | Foramen ovalis |
| Connects aorta and pulmonary trunk | Ductus arteriosus |
| Becomes ligamentum arteriosum in adult | ductus arteriosus |
| Three major types of vessels | arteries, capillaries, veins |
| Carry blood away from the heart | arteries |
| Carry blood toward the heart | veins |
| Contact tissue cells and serve cellular needs | Capillaries |
| Arteries that feed directly into capillary beds | Arterioles |
| Three tunics of arteries and veins | tunica intima/interna, media, externa |
| Central blood containing space | Lumen |
| Vessels composed of one layer | capillaries (endothelium) |
| Tunica that is an endothelial layer lining lumen | Tunica inerna |
| Tunica that is a smooth muscle and elastic fiber layer | Tunica media |
| Tunica that reduces friction | Tunica interna |
| Controls vasoconstriction/dilation of vessels | Tunica media |
| Tunica regulated by sympathetic nervous system | Tunica media |
| Tunica that is collagen fibers | Tunica externa |
| Strengthens blood vessels and prevents blood pressure from rupturing them | Tunica media |
| Protect and reinforce vessels | tunica externa |
| Anchors vessels and provides passage for small nerves and lymphatic vessels | Tunica externa |
| Thick media and no vavles | Arteries |
| Contains valves and has large lumen | vessels |
| Most of the blood in the body is in the ____ at any given time | Veins |
| Capacitance vessels | veins |
| Conduct blood to big regions of the body | elastic (conducting) arteries |
| Thick-walled arteries near the heart | elastic arteries |
| Why are arteries sometimes called resistance vessels | They have relatively strong, resilient tissue structure that resists high blood pressure |
| Vessels that resist high blood pressure | arteries |
| Resistance vessels | arteries |
| Deliver blood to body organs | Muscular arteries |
| Thich tunica media with more smooth muscle and active in vasosconstriction | Muscular arteries |
| Muscular arteries branch into: | arterioles |
| Smallest arteries that lead to capillary beds | arterioles |
| Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation/constriction | arterioles |
| The smallest blood vessels | capillaries |
| Walls consisting of thin tunica interna one cell thick | capillaries |
| Stabilize capilarry walls and can contract to regulate blood flow | Pericytes |
| Diffuse easily through capillaries | lipid soluble substances (steroid hormones, O2, CO2 |
| 3 structural types of capillaries: | |
| Filtrated out of capilarries | O2, H2O, glucose, electrolytes, hormoens |
| Reabsorbed into capillaries | CO2, metabolic waste, H2O, hormones |
| Capillaries that are abundant in skin and muscles | Continuous capillaries |
| Found wherever active capillary absorption or filtration occurs | Fenestrated capillaries |
| Where are fenestrated capillaries located | Small intestines, endocrine glands, and kidneys |
| Fenestrated capillaries in small intestines | absorb lots of nutrients |
| Fenestrated capillaries in endocrine glands | taking/giving hormones |
| Fenestrated capillaries in kidneys | filter blood/reabsorption |
| Characterized by an endothelium riddled with pores | Fenestrated capillaries |
| Highly modified, leaky capillaries | Sinusoids |
| Capillaries with large lumens | Sinusoids |
| Capillaries found in liver,bone marrow, spleen, lymphoid tissue, and some endocrine organs | Sinusoids |
| Capillaries that allow large molecules to pass between blood | Sinusoids |
| Capillaries where blood flows sluggishly | Sinusoids |
| Cuff of smooth muscle that surrounds each true capillary | Precapillary sphincter |
| Regulates blood flow into the capillary | Precapillary sphincter |
| Capacitance vessels | veins |
| Vessels with a greater capacity for blood containment | Veins |
| Vessels with then walls and less muscular and elastic tissue | Veins |
| Vessels with steady blood flow | Veins |
| Vessels with relatively low blood pressure | veins |
| Where is blood pressure the lowest | superior vena cava |
| Formed when venules converge | Veins |
| Circulatory route | heart-arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins |
| Blood flows through 2 consecutive capillary networks before returning to heart | Portal system |
| The point where 1 blood vessels merge | Anastomoses |
| Blood flow = ? | CO in vessels |
| Most important to influence blood pressure | resistance in valves |
| Blood flow is directly proportional to? | difference in blood pressure between 2 different points in circulation |
| Force per unit are exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by its contained blood | Blood pressure |
| Provides driving force that keeps blood moving from higher to lower pressure areas | differences in BP within vascular system |
| Blood pressure is extremely high in: | aorta |
| 3 important sources of resistance | blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, and vessel radius |
| Most powerful influence over blood flow | Vessel radius |
| Major determinants of peripheral resistance | small-diameter arterioles |
| Pressure results when? | flow is opposed by resistance |
| Systematic pressure is highest in: | aorta |
| Steepest change in blood pressure occurs in: | arterioles |
| Arteriole blood pressure reflects 2 factors of arteries close to heart: | elasticity and amount of blood forced into them |
| Pressure exerted on arterial walls during ventricular contraction | systolic pressure |
| diastolic pressure | pressure remaining in vessels |
| Pressure sensitive to peripheral resistance | diastolic pressure |
| Blood pressure that is steady and changes little during the cardiac cycle | Venous BP |
| Pressure changes created during breathing | respiratory pump |
| Required to maintain blood pressure | cooperation of heart, vessels, and kidneys; supervision of the brain |
| Main factors influencing blood pressure | CO, PR, BV |
| Blood pressure = ? | CO x PR |
| 2 things that determine CO | venous return, neural and hormonal controls |
| Resting heart rate controlled by | cardioinhibitory center via vagus nerves |
| Stroke volume controlled by | venous return |
| Increases heart rate and stroke volume under stress | cardioacceleratory center |
| 3 short term controls of blood pressure | local, neural, hormonal |
| Long term control of blood pressure | regulate blood volume |
| Ability of tissues to regulate their own blood supply | Autoregulation |
| What happens to vessles when wastes are removed | they constrict |
| If blood supply is cut off and then restored blood flow... | increases above normal |
| Reactive hyperemia | blood flow cut off then restored, BF increases above normal |
| Angiogenesis | growth of new blood vessels |
| Local control of BP: | autoregulation, reactive hyperemia, angiogenesis |
| Neural control of BP: | CNS and ANS; medulla oblongata |
| Exerts sympathetic control over blood vessels throughout body | vasomotor center of Medulla oblongata |
| Stimulates most vessles to constrict | medulla oblongata |
| Dilates vessels in skeletal and cardiac muscle to meet demands of exercise | medulla oblongata |
| Increased blood pressure causes ___ baroreceptor signals | increased |
| Baroreceptors stimulate cardioinhibitory center to cause: | vasodilation, decrease HR, CO, PR, BP, decrease sympathetic tone |
| Decreased BP stimulates cardioacceleratory center to: | increase CO and PR, increase sympathetic tone and vasoconstriction |
| Epinephrine and norepihephrine on lood pressure | increase short term |
| Hormone that increases blood pressure long term | Aldosterone |
| Promotes water retention and raises BP | ADH |
| Generates angiotensin II | release of renin from kidneys |
| Hormonea that cause vasoconstriction | Angiotensin II, ADH |
| Hormones that increase BP | ADH, AG2, Aldosterone, epinephrine |
| Chemicals that decrease BP | ANP, NO, inflammatory chemicals, alcohol |
| Antagonist to aldosterone that decreases BP | ANP |
| Increases urinary sodium excretion to cause BV and pressure to decline | ANP |
| Chemical that is a brief but potent vasodilator | NO |
| Inhibits ADH and causes BP to drop | alcohol |
| Adapt to chronic high or low BP | baroreceptors |
Created by:
beshoe
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