A&P - Ch 28 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
events that occur from fertilization until birth | pregnancy |
time from last menstrual period until birth | gestation period |
developing offspring | conceptus |
conceptus from fertilization through 8th week | embryo |
conceptus from 9th week through birth | fetus |
oocyte is viable for up to __ hours after ovulation | 24 |
sperm is viable up to __ hours | 24-48 |
for fertilization to occur, coitus must occur no more than __ days before ovulation & no later than __ day after ovulation | 2; 1 |
when a sperm fuses with an egg to form a zygote | fertilization |
sperm are conducted up uterine tubes by | peristalsis |
sperm have __ __ for the chemical signals produced by oocytes, directing sperm to them | olfactory receptors |
investing layer of radially elongated follicle cells surrounding the zona pellucida | corona radiata |
transparent, non-cellular secreted layer surrounding an oocyte | zona pellucida |
corona radiata are __ cells | granulosa |
sperm __ corona radiata | penetrates |
hundreds of sperm __ __ to digest zona pellucida | release enzymes |
pattern of various chemical changes that occur in anterior of head of spermatozoon in response to contact w/ovum & that lead to sperm's penetration & fertilization of ovum | acrosomal reaction |
hundreds of acrosomes must undergo exocytosis to | digest holes in zona pellucida |
actin filaments in sperm head form __ __ that quickly finds & binds oocyte's sperm-binding membrane | acrosomal process |
binding event of sperm & oocyte causes | oocyte & sperm membranes to fuse |
binding event of sperm & oocyte causes contents of sperm to enter oocyte | cytoplasm |
haploid nucleus (of ovum/sperm) occurring after meiosis in a germ cell | pronuclei |
as sperm enter oocyte it | looses its tail |
upon entry of sperm, 2ndary oocytes | completes meiosis II |
when the pronuclei __ __ fertilization occurs | come together |
maternal & paternal chromosomes Combine to produce | diploid zygote |
fertilization in which only one spermatozoon enters the oocyte | monospermy |
entrance of more than one spermatozoon into the ovum | polyspermy |
almost as soon as male & female pronuclei come together | their chromosomes replicated |
once chromosome replication takes place zygote ready to undergo | 1st mitotic division of conceptus |
period of fairly rapid mitotic division of zygote without intervening growth | cleavage |
zygote begins to divide 24 hours | after fertilization |
zygote continues __ __ as it travels down uterine tube | mitotic divisions |
mulberry-like solid mass of blastomeres resulting from cleavage in the early conceptus; made of 16/more cells (3days) | morula |
stage of early embryonic development; the product of cleavage; ball of 100/ so cells hollows out, fills with fluid (day 4)- floats free in uterine cavity for 3d | early blastocyst |
peripheral cells of blastocyst, which attach blastocyst to uterine wall & become placenta & membranes that nourish & protect developing organism | trophoblast cells |
accumulation of cells in blastocyst from which embryo develops | inner cell mass |
fluid-filled hollow sphere composed of outer sphere of single layer of trophoblasts cells & inner cell mass | late blastocyst |
inner cell mass will | become embryo |
attachment of blastocyst to epithelial lining of uterus, its penetration through epithelium, &, in humans, its embedding in stratum compactum of endometrium, occurring 6/7 days after fertilization of oocyte | implantation |
cellular (inner) layer of the trophoblast; cells retain boundaries | cytotrophoblast |
outer syncytial layer of the trophoblast; invades endometrium & rapidly digests uterine cells it contacts | syncytiotrophoblast |
blastocyst burrows into endometrium & gets covered over & sealed off by | proliferating endometrial cells |
implantation is completed by | 12th day after ovulation |
implantation of blastocyst anywhere other than the uterus | ectopic |
tubal pregnancy risk factor | scarring of uterine tube by prior tubal infection, adhesion due to previous surgery, clinical features |
secreted by the trophoblast cells; viability of corpus luteum is maintained by | human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG) |
hCG acts like | LH |
signaled by hCG, corpus luteum continues to secrete | progesterone & estrogen |
antibody tests that detect hCG | pregnancy tests |
after 12th week __ takes over production of estrogen & progesterone for rest of pregnancy | placenta |
maternal endometrial tissues & embryonic trophoblastic tissues form | placenta |
trophoblastic cords from blastocyst invade the endometrium to form finger-like | chorionic villi |
grow into chorionic villi from vascular system of newly forming embryo | blood capillaries |
supplied with blood from mother develop between the villi | maternal blood sinuses |
placenta is fully formed and functional by | third month |
lowing through two umbilical arteries into capillaries of villi | fetal blood |
after exchange with blood in maternal sinuses fetal blood | flows back to fetus in single umbilical vein |
nutrients & oxygen __ from maternal sinuses into fetal blood | diffuse |
fetal excretory products __ to maternal blood | diffuse |
inner cell mass forms two layered | embryonic disc |
during occurrence of implantation, 3 germ cell layers are forming from | bi-layered embryonic disc |
during occurrence of implantation, extra __ __ develop | embryonic membranes |
sac of transparent membrane filled w/amniotic fluid | amnion |
sac on the ventral surface of the embryo | yolk sac |
yolk sac produces earliest | blood cells & vessels |
yolk sac later forms part of | digestive tube |
out-pocketing of the yolk sac | allantois |
allantois is __ __ for umbilical cord | structural base |
helps form placenta; encloses embryonic body & all other membranes | chorion |
during the 3rd week, the two-layered embryonic disc becomes a three-layered embryo | gastrulation |
gastrulation begins when | primitive streak appears |
raised dorsal groove that forms longitudinal axis of embryo | primitive streak |
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are | primary germ layers |
rod of mesodermal cells that serves as first axial support | notochord |
forms structures of nervous system and epidermis of skin | ectoderm |
forms epithelial linings of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems, liver, pancreas | endoderm |
forms muscle, cartilage, bone, blood & other connective tissues | mesoderm |
formation of body organs | organogenesis |
gastrulation sets stage for | organogenesis |
all organ systems are recognizable & embryo is 22mm long (crown rump length) | end of embryonic period 8th wk |
ectoderm forms __ __ which will become the brain & the spinal cord | neural tube |
epidermis of skin, lens of eye, enamel of teeth are | of ectoderm origin |
endoderm forms the | primitive gut |
primitive gut forms epithelial lining of | GI tract |
primitive gut forms associated organs | thyroid, liver, pancreas |
primitive gut forms epithelium linings of | respiratory tracts |
vertebrae and ribs, dermis of the skin, skeletal muscles, gonads and kidneys, other bones, heart & blood vessels, smooth muscle & other CT are | derivatives of mesoderm |
unique cardiovascular modifications seen in prenatal development include | umbilical arteries & veins, & 3 vascular shunts (occluded at birth) |
venous shunt that bypasses liver | ductus venosus |
opening in the septum btwn two atria | foramen ovale |
transfers blood from right ventricle to aorta | ductus arteriosus |
fetal cardiovascular system is formed in | embryonic period |
carries nutrients & oxygen from placenta to the embryo | umbilical vein |
return oxygen poor waste laden blood to the placenta | pair of umbilical arteries |
ductus venosus is a shunt that allows | most of blood to bypass liver |
foramen ovale & ductus arteriosus allow | most of blood to bypass lungs |
especially dangerous during embryonic period; may cause severe congenital abnormalities or fetal death; include alcohol, nicotine, some drugs, German measles | teratogens |
causes growth retardation, developmental delays, microcephaly, mental retardation | fetal alcohol syndrome |
all organ systems laid down; webbed digits now free; ossification begun; CVS is functional; CR length- 22mm | 8th week |
heart is pumping blood since | 4th week |
body elongating; crude facial features; blood cell formation begins in bone marrow; sex easily detected; CR length 90mm | 9th week |
blinking of eyes- bones distinct; CR length 140mm | 13-16 weeks |
vernix caseosa covers body; fetal position assumed- quickening- CR length; 190mm | 17-20 weeks |
may survive if born premature, but lung surfactant is inadequate; CR length 280mm | 21-30 weeks |
testis descends in scrotum in | 7th month |
CR length- 360mm | 30-40 weeks |
common anatomical change during pregnancy | lordosis |
typical weight gain is about | 29 pounds |
during pregnancy females' pelvic ligaments & pubic symphysis | relax |
during pregnancy common anatomical change is __ expands till it occupies most of abdominal cavity | uterus |
during pregnancy a metabolic change is that females are in | state of hypermetabolism |
during pregnancy a metabolic change is maternal cells use more __ __ & less __, sparing it for the fetus | fatty acids; glucose |
common metabolic disorder in pregnant women | gestational diabetes |
during pregnancy physiological occurrence in GI tract, due to elevated estrogen & progesterone | morning sickness |
during pregnancy physiological occurrence in urinary system, in which __ __ increases to handle the additional fetal wastes, frequency | urine production |
during pregnancy physiological occurrence in urinary system, which affects respiratory system developing late in the pregnancy | dyspnea/difficulty breathing |
during pregnancy physiological occurrence in cardiovascular system | blood volume & pressure increases |
series of events that expel infant from uterus | labor |
parturition | birth |
occurs during last weeks of pregnancy causing myometrium to become more sensitive to oxytocin | estrogen reaches a peak |
weak irregular contractions that may occur; false labor | Braxton Hicks |
as birth nears __ & __ start rhythmic uterine contractions | oxytocin; prostaglandins |
the more the uterus contracts, the more oxytocin is released due to a(n) | positive feedback mechanism |
the more oxytocin is released, the __ __ are, ending in birth | strong contractions |
stage 1 of labor | dilation |
stage 2 of labor | expulsion |
stage 3 of labor | placental |
dilation stage lasts from onset of labor until | cervix is fully dilated |
during dilation stage initial contractions are | weak but irregular |
during dilation stage, as contraction become more rapid & prolonged cervix undergoes | effacement |
effacement is | thinning & dilating of cervix |
during dilation stage, __ ruptures, releasing amniotic fluid | amnion |
during dilation stage, baby's head | enters true pelvis |
when baby enters true pelvis | engagement |
during dilation stage, as descent occurs through birth canal | baby's head rotates |
the dilation stage lasts for | 6-12 hours |
at 10 cm the cervix | is fully dilated |
during dilation stage, the widest head dimension is in | left to right axis |
during dilation stage, after rotation the widest head dimension is in | anteroposterior axis |
from full dilation to delivery of infant | expulsion stage |
during expulsion stage, __ __ occur every 2–3 minutes and last about 1 minute | strong contractions |
during expulsion stage, __ __ __ increases | urge to push |
during expulsion stage, __ occurs | birth |
crowning occurs | during expulsion stage |
expulsion stage lasts from | 1- 2hours |
when largest dimension of head is distending vulva | crowning |
delivery of placenta & attached fetal membranes | afterbirth |
afterbirth is accomplished within | 30min of birth |
afterbirth is delivered during | placental stage |
during placental stage, continued uterine contractions | detach placenta off uterine wall |
during placental stage, all placenta fragments must be removed to prevent | postpartum hemorrhage |
Immediately after birth, infant’s physical status is assessed based on | heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, & reflexes |
total score of heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, & reflexes | Apgar Score |
each observation under Apgar Score is | given a score of 0 to 2 |
8-10 Apgar Score indicates | healthy baby |
lower than 8-10 Apgar Score may reveal | problems with baby |
once carbon dioxide is no longer removed by placenta it | accumulates in baby’s blood |
accumulation of CO2 in baby's blood | excites respiratory centers in brain stem to trigger first inspiration |
when infant is born lung are collapsed so 1st inspiration | takes tremendous effort |
once infant's lungs inflate, __ __ __ helps reduce surface tension, breathing is easier | surfactant in alveoli |
after birth, the special umbilical __ & __ are not required | vessels; shunts |
after birth, changes that occur to umbilical arteries | distal parts become fibrosed as umbilical ligaments |
after birth, changes that occur to umbilical vein | becomes round ligament of liver |
after birth, changes that occur to ductus venosus | becomes ligamentum venosum |
after birth, changes that occur to foramen ovale | becomes fossa ovalis |
after birth, changes that occur to ductus arteriosus | becomes ligamentum arteriosum |
toward end of pregnancy estrogen, progesterone, & human placental lactogen stimulate hypothalamus to release | prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) |
responds to PRH by releasing prolactin which causes milk production | anterior pituitary |
released the first 2–3 days; rich in vitamin A, protein, minerals, & IgA antibodies | colostrum |
baby’s suckling causing release of oxytocin; which causes milk ejection | milk let down |
fluid-filled, hollow ball of cells | blastocyst |
fetus begins at | week nine |
has three primary germ layers and embryonic membranes | gastrula |
morula | berry-shaped cluster of 16 or more cells |
zygote | single-celled embryo |
bones form from | mesoderm |
brain forms from | ectoderm |
liver forms from | endoderm |
ductus arteriosus functions to | allow blood to bypass the lungs |
ductus venosus functions to | allow blood to bypass liver |
ligamentum venosum is | remnant of venous shunt that bypassed liver |
ligamentum arteriosus is | remnant of vessel that connected pulmonary artery to aorta in fetus |
umbilical cord functions to | carry blood to & from placenta |
function of foramen ovale | connects right atrium to left atrium |
fossa ovalis is | depression on wall of atrial septum |
umbilical artery carries __ concentration of oxygen | highest |
umbilical vein carries __ concentration of oxygen | medium |
estrogen | rises throughout pregnancy |
hCG | lets the corpus luteum know you are pregnant |
oxytocin | causes contraction of uterus near end of pregnancy |
relaxin | causes pelvic ligaments & pubic symphysis to become more flexible |
occurs on day 14 of average menstrual cycle | ovulation |
day 21 of average menstrual cycle | implantation begins |
forms embryo proper | inner cell mass |
forms chorion of placenta | trophoblast |
third week | embryo |
occurs within one day after ovulation | fertilization |
at end of 8th week | fingers and toes formed |
nine to 12 weeks | sex detectable by genitals |
13-16weeks | most bones distinct and joint cavities apparent |
17-20 weeks | mother feels fetal muscle movements |
7th month | testes reach scrotum in males |
8-9th month | fat laid down in subcutaneous tissue |
after fertilization the zygote goes through a rapid period of cell divisions called | cleavage |
implantation is usually completed after | blastocyst is entirely surrounded by endometrium |
chorion is | outermost embryonic membrane |
gastrulation | process that transforms the embryo into a three-layered stage |
brain | formed from ectodermal tissues |
function of the ductus arteriosus | bypass the pulmonary circuit |
oxytocin | hormone that induces labor and controls labor via a positive feedback mechanism |
dilation, expulsion, placental | correct order of the stages of labor |
fossa ovalis structure represents | remnants of atrial fetal shunt |
signals corpus luteum to continue producing estrogen & progesterone to maintain pregnancy | function of the hormone hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) |
heart begins to beat in developing offspring | at 3-4 weeks |
implantation of the blastocyst begins | 6-7 days after ovulation |
milk production by the breast tissue is caused by | prolactin |
newborn's source of energy for the first few days | fat |
disc-shaped placenta is formed from | chronic villi & decidua basalis |
gastrulation | process by which three primary germ layers form |
first major event of organogenesis | neurulation |
cleavage produces | sphere of very small cells |
placenta forms from | chorion & endometrium |
hCG begins to __ after week 8 | decline |
placenta is __ __ for embryo & fetus | nutritive agent |
neurulation is | differentiation of the ectoderm |
early ventral body cavity forms from | folding of embryonic body |
chorionic villi membrane & endothelium of fetal capillaries | separate mother & fetal blood supplies |
when blood leaves fetal heart | only part of it will pass to placenta before returning to heart again |
ductus arteriosus allows fetal blood to __ lungs | bypass |
occurs eight weeks into pregnancy | head of fetus is nearly as large as body |
occurs 17-20 weeks into pregnancy, during the fetal period | quickening |
__ & __ are hormones & powerful uterine muscle stimulants which cause contractions to become more frequent & more vigorous | oxytocin; prostaglandins |
woman has deformed/male-like pelvis, resulting in prolonged & difficult labor; condition can lead to fetal brain damage, ultimately causing cerebral palsy/epilepsy | dystocia |
Created by:
lfrancois
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