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A&P - Ch 28
Pregnancy & Human Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| events that occur from fertilization until birth | pregnancy |
| time from last menstrual period until birth | gestation period |
| developing offspring | conceptus |
| conceptus from fertilization through 8th week | embryo |
| conceptus from 9th week through birth | fetus |
| oocyte is viable for up to __ hours after ovulation | 24 |
| sperm is viable up to __ hours | 24-48 |
| for fertilization to occur, coitus must occur no more than __ days before ovulation & no later than __ day after ovulation | 2; 1 |
| when a sperm fuses with an egg to form a zygote | fertilization |
| sperm are conducted up uterine tubes by | peristalsis |
| sperm have __ __ for the chemical signals produced by oocytes, directing sperm to them | olfactory receptors |
| investing layer of radially elongated follicle cells surrounding the zona pellucida | corona radiata |
| transparent, non-cellular secreted layer surrounding an oocyte | zona pellucida |
| corona radiata are __ cells | granulosa |
| sperm __ corona radiata | penetrates |
| hundreds of sperm __ __ to digest zona pellucida | release enzymes |
| pattern of various chemical changes that occur in anterior of head of spermatozoon in response to contact w/ovum & that lead to sperm's penetration & fertilization of ovum | acrosomal reaction |
| hundreds of acrosomes must undergo exocytosis to | digest holes in zona pellucida |
| actin filaments in sperm head form __ __ that quickly finds & binds oocyte's sperm-binding membrane | acrosomal process |
| binding event of sperm & oocyte causes | oocyte & sperm membranes to fuse |
| binding event of sperm & oocyte causes contents of sperm to enter oocyte | cytoplasm |
| haploid nucleus (of ovum/sperm) occurring after meiosis in a germ cell | pronuclei |
| as sperm enter oocyte it | looses its tail |
| upon entry of sperm, 2ndary oocytes | completes meiosis II |
| when the pronuclei __ __ fertilization occurs | come together |
| maternal & paternal chromosomes Combine to produce | diploid zygote |
| fertilization in which only one spermatozoon enters the oocyte | monospermy |
| entrance of more than one spermatozoon into the ovum | polyspermy |
| almost as soon as male & female pronuclei come together | their chromosomes replicated |
| once chromosome replication takes place zygote ready to undergo | 1st mitotic division of conceptus |
| period of fairly rapid mitotic division of zygote without intervening growth | cleavage |
| zygote begins to divide 24 hours | after fertilization |
| zygote continues __ __ as it travels down uterine tube | mitotic divisions |
| mulberry-like solid mass of blastomeres resulting from cleavage in the early conceptus; made of 16/more cells (3days) | morula |
| stage of early embryonic development; the product of cleavage; ball of 100/ so cells hollows out, fills with fluid (day 4)- floats free in uterine cavity for 3d | early blastocyst |
| peripheral cells of blastocyst, which attach blastocyst to uterine wall & become placenta & membranes that nourish & protect developing organism | trophoblast cells |
| accumulation of cells in blastocyst from which embryo develops | inner cell mass |
| fluid-filled hollow sphere composed of outer sphere of single layer of trophoblasts cells & inner cell mass | late blastocyst |
| inner cell mass will | become embryo |
| attachment of blastocyst to epithelial lining of uterus, its penetration through epithelium, &, in humans, its embedding in stratum compactum of endometrium, occurring 6/7 days after fertilization of oocyte | implantation |
| cellular (inner) layer of the trophoblast; cells retain boundaries | cytotrophoblast |
| outer syncytial layer of the trophoblast; invades endometrium & rapidly digests uterine cells it contacts | syncytiotrophoblast |
| blastocyst burrows into endometrium & gets covered over & sealed off by | proliferating endometrial cells |
| implantation is completed by | 12th day after ovulation |
| implantation of blastocyst anywhere other than the uterus | ectopic |
| tubal pregnancy risk factor | scarring of uterine tube by prior tubal infection, adhesion due to previous surgery, clinical features |
| secreted by the trophoblast cells; viability of corpus luteum is maintained by | human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG) |
| hCG acts like | LH |
| signaled by hCG, corpus luteum continues to secrete | progesterone & estrogen |
| antibody tests that detect hCG | pregnancy tests |
| after 12th week __ takes over production of estrogen & progesterone for rest of pregnancy | placenta |
| maternal endometrial tissues & embryonic trophoblastic tissues form | placenta |
| trophoblastic cords from blastocyst invade the endometrium to form finger-like | chorionic villi |
| grow into chorionic villi from vascular system of newly forming embryo | blood capillaries |
| supplied with blood from mother develop between the villi | maternal blood sinuses |
| placenta is fully formed and functional by | third month |
| lowing through two umbilical arteries into capillaries of villi | fetal blood |
| after exchange with blood in maternal sinuses fetal blood | flows back to fetus in single umbilical vein |
| nutrients & oxygen __ from maternal sinuses into fetal blood | diffuse |
| fetal excretory products __ to maternal blood | diffuse |
| inner cell mass forms two layered | embryonic disc |
| during occurrence of implantation, 3 germ cell layers are forming from | bi-layered embryonic disc |
| during occurrence of implantation, extra __ __ develop | embryonic membranes |
| sac of transparent membrane filled w/amniotic fluid | amnion |
| sac on the ventral surface of the embryo | yolk sac |
| yolk sac produces earliest | blood cells & vessels |
| yolk sac later forms part of | digestive tube |
| out-pocketing of the yolk sac | allantois |
| allantois is __ __ for umbilical cord | structural base |
| helps form placenta; encloses embryonic body & all other membranes | chorion |
| during the 3rd week, the two-layered embryonic disc becomes a three-layered embryo | gastrulation |
| gastrulation begins when | primitive streak appears |
| raised dorsal groove that forms longitudinal axis of embryo | primitive streak |
| ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are | primary germ layers |
| rod of mesodermal cells that serves as first axial support | notochord |
| forms structures of nervous system and epidermis of skin | ectoderm |
| forms epithelial linings of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems, liver, pancreas | endoderm |
| forms muscle, cartilage, bone, blood & other connective tissues | mesoderm |
| formation of body organs | organogenesis |
| gastrulation sets stage for | organogenesis |
| all organ systems are recognizable & embryo is 22mm long (crown rump length) | end of embryonic period 8th wk |
| ectoderm forms __ __ which will become the brain & the spinal cord | neural tube |
| epidermis of skin, lens of eye, enamel of teeth are | of ectoderm origin |
| endoderm forms the | primitive gut |
| primitive gut forms epithelial lining of | GI tract |
| primitive gut forms associated organs | thyroid, liver, pancreas |
| primitive gut forms epithelium linings of | respiratory tracts |
| vertebrae and ribs, dermis of the skin, skeletal muscles, gonads and kidneys, other bones, heart & blood vessels, smooth muscle & other CT are | derivatives of mesoderm |
| unique cardiovascular modifications seen in prenatal development include | umbilical arteries & veins, & 3 vascular shunts (occluded at birth) |
| venous shunt that bypasses liver | ductus venosus |
| opening in the septum btwn two atria | foramen ovale |
| transfers blood from right ventricle to aorta | ductus arteriosus |
| fetal cardiovascular system is formed in | embryonic period |
| carries nutrients & oxygen from placenta to the embryo | umbilical vein |
| return oxygen poor waste laden blood to the placenta | pair of umbilical arteries |
| ductus venosus is a shunt that allows | most of blood to bypass liver |
| foramen ovale & ductus arteriosus allow | most of blood to bypass lungs |
| especially dangerous during embryonic period; may cause severe congenital abnormalities or fetal death; include alcohol, nicotine, some drugs, German measles | teratogens |
| causes growth retardation, developmental delays, microcephaly, mental retardation | fetal alcohol syndrome |
| all organ systems laid down; webbed digits now free; ossification begun; CVS is functional; CR length- 22mm | 8th week |
| heart is pumping blood since | 4th week |
| body elongating; crude facial features; blood cell formation begins in bone marrow; sex easily detected; CR length 90mm | 9th week |
| blinking of eyes- bones distinct; CR length 140mm | 13-16 weeks |
| vernix caseosa covers body; fetal position assumed- quickening- CR length; 190mm | 17-20 weeks |
| may survive if born premature, but lung surfactant is inadequate; CR length 280mm | 21-30 weeks |
| testis descends in scrotum in | 7th month |
| CR length- 360mm | 30-40 weeks |
| common anatomical change during pregnancy | lordosis |
| typical weight gain is about | 29 pounds |
| during pregnancy females' pelvic ligaments & pubic symphysis | relax |
| during pregnancy common anatomical change is __ expands till it occupies most of abdominal cavity | uterus |
| during pregnancy a metabolic change is that females are in | state of hypermetabolism |
| during pregnancy a metabolic change is maternal cells use more __ __ & less __, sparing it for the fetus | fatty acids; glucose |
| common metabolic disorder in pregnant women | gestational diabetes |
| during pregnancy physiological occurrence in GI tract, due to elevated estrogen & progesterone | morning sickness |
| during pregnancy physiological occurrence in urinary system, in which __ __ increases to handle the additional fetal wastes, frequency | urine production |
| during pregnancy physiological occurrence in urinary system, which affects respiratory system developing late in the pregnancy | dyspnea/difficulty breathing |
| during pregnancy physiological occurrence in cardiovascular system | blood volume & pressure increases |
| series of events that expel infant from uterus | labor |
| parturition | birth |
| occurs during last weeks of pregnancy causing myometrium to become more sensitive to oxytocin | estrogen reaches a peak |
| weak irregular contractions that may occur; false labor | Braxton Hicks |
| as birth nears __ & __ start rhythmic uterine contractions | oxytocin; prostaglandins |
| the more the uterus contracts, the more oxytocin is released due to a(n) | positive feedback mechanism |
| the more oxytocin is released, the __ __ are, ending in birth | strong contractions |
| stage 1 of labor | dilation |
| stage 2 of labor | expulsion |
| stage 3 of labor | placental |
| dilation stage lasts from onset of labor until | cervix is fully dilated |
| during dilation stage initial contractions are | weak but irregular |
| during dilation stage, as contraction become more rapid & prolonged cervix undergoes | effacement |
| effacement is | thinning & dilating of cervix |
| during dilation stage, __ ruptures, releasing amniotic fluid | amnion |
| during dilation stage, baby's head | enters true pelvis |
| when baby enters true pelvis | engagement |
| during dilation stage, as descent occurs through birth canal | baby's head rotates |
| the dilation stage lasts for | 6-12 hours |
| at 10 cm the cervix | is fully dilated |
| during dilation stage, the widest head dimension is in | left to right axis |
| during dilation stage, after rotation the widest head dimension is in | anteroposterior axis |
| from full dilation to delivery of infant | expulsion stage |
| during expulsion stage, __ __ occur every 2–3 minutes and last about 1 minute | strong contractions |
| during expulsion stage, __ __ __ increases | urge to push |
| during expulsion stage, __ occurs | birth |
| crowning occurs | during expulsion stage |
| expulsion stage lasts from | 1- 2hours |
| when largest dimension of head is distending vulva | crowning |
| delivery of placenta & attached fetal membranes | afterbirth |
| afterbirth is accomplished within | 30min of birth |
| afterbirth is delivered during | placental stage |
| during placental stage, continued uterine contractions | detach placenta off uterine wall |
| during placental stage, all placenta fragments must be removed to prevent | postpartum hemorrhage |
| Immediately after birth, infant’s physical status is assessed based on | heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, & reflexes |
| total score of heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, & reflexes | Apgar Score |
| each observation under Apgar Score is | given a score of 0 to 2 |
| 8-10 Apgar Score indicates | healthy baby |
| lower than 8-10 Apgar Score may reveal | problems with baby |
| once carbon dioxide is no longer removed by placenta it | accumulates in baby’s blood |
| accumulation of CO2 in baby's blood | excites respiratory centers in brain stem to trigger first inspiration |
| when infant is born lung are collapsed so 1st inspiration | takes tremendous effort |
| once infant's lungs inflate, __ __ __ helps reduce surface tension, breathing is easier | surfactant in alveoli |
| after birth, the special umbilical __ & __ are not required | vessels; shunts |
| after birth, changes that occur to umbilical arteries | distal parts become fibrosed as umbilical ligaments |
| after birth, changes that occur to umbilical vein | becomes round ligament of liver |
| after birth, changes that occur to ductus venosus | becomes ligamentum venosum |
| after birth, changes that occur to foramen ovale | becomes fossa ovalis |
| after birth, changes that occur to ductus arteriosus | becomes ligamentum arteriosum |
| toward end of pregnancy estrogen, progesterone, & human placental lactogen stimulate hypothalamus to release | prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) |
| responds to PRH by releasing prolactin which causes milk production | anterior pituitary |
| released the first 2–3 days; rich in vitamin A, protein, minerals, & IgA antibodies | colostrum |
| baby’s suckling causing release of oxytocin; which causes milk ejection | milk let down |
| fluid-filled, hollow ball of cells | blastocyst |
| fetus begins at | week nine |
| has three primary germ layers and embryonic membranes | gastrula |
| morula | berry-shaped cluster of 16 or more cells |
| zygote | single-celled embryo |
| bones form from | mesoderm |
| brain forms from | ectoderm |
| liver forms from | endoderm |
| ductus arteriosus functions to | allow blood to bypass the lungs |
| ductus venosus functions to | allow blood to bypass liver |
| ligamentum venosum is | remnant of venous shunt that bypassed liver |
| ligamentum arteriosus is | remnant of vessel that connected pulmonary artery to aorta in fetus |
| umbilical cord functions to | carry blood to & from placenta |
| function of foramen ovale | connects right atrium to left atrium |
| fossa ovalis is | depression on wall of atrial septum |
| umbilical artery carries __ concentration of oxygen | highest |
| umbilical vein carries __ concentration of oxygen | medium |
| estrogen | rises throughout pregnancy |
| hCG | lets the corpus luteum know you are pregnant |
| oxytocin | causes contraction of uterus near end of pregnancy |
| relaxin | causes pelvic ligaments & pubic symphysis to become more flexible |
| occurs on day 14 of average menstrual cycle | ovulation |
| day 21 of average menstrual cycle | implantation begins |
| forms embryo proper | inner cell mass |
| forms chorion of placenta | trophoblast |
| third week | embryo |
| occurs within one day after ovulation | fertilization |
| at end of 8th week | fingers and toes formed |
| nine to 12 weeks | sex detectable by genitals |
| 13-16weeks | most bones distinct and joint cavities apparent |
| 17-20 weeks | mother feels fetal muscle movements |
| 7th month | testes reach scrotum in males |
| 8-9th month | fat laid down in subcutaneous tissue |
| after fertilization the zygote goes through a rapid period of cell divisions called | cleavage |
| implantation is usually completed after | blastocyst is entirely surrounded by endometrium |
| chorion is | outermost embryonic membrane |
| gastrulation | process that transforms the embryo into a three-layered stage |
| brain | formed from ectodermal tissues |
| function of the ductus arteriosus | bypass the pulmonary circuit |
| oxytocin | hormone that induces labor and controls labor via a positive feedback mechanism |
| dilation, expulsion, placental | correct order of the stages of labor |
| fossa ovalis structure represents | remnants of atrial fetal shunt |
| signals corpus luteum to continue producing estrogen & progesterone to maintain pregnancy | function of the hormone hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) |
| heart begins to beat in developing offspring | at 3-4 weeks |
| implantation of the blastocyst begins | 6-7 days after ovulation |
| milk production by the breast tissue is caused by | prolactin |
| newborn's source of energy for the first few days | fat |
| disc-shaped placenta is formed from | chronic villi & decidua basalis |
| gastrulation | process by which three primary germ layers form |
| first major event of organogenesis | neurulation |
| cleavage produces | sphere of very small cells |
| placenta forms from | chorion & endometrium |
| hCG begins to __ after week 8 | decline |
| placenta is __ __ for embryo & fetus | nutritive agent |
| neurulation is | differentiation of the ectoderm |
| early ventral body cavity forms from | folding of embryonic body |
| chorionic villi membrane & endothelium of fetal capillaries | separate mother & fetal blood supplies |
| when blood leaves fetal heart | only part of it will pass to placenta before returning to heart again |
| ductus arteriosus allows fetal blood to __ lungs | bypass |
| occurs eight weeks into pregnancy | head of fetus is nearly as large as body |
| occurs 17-20 weeks into pregnancy, during the fetal period | quickening |
| __ & __ are hormones & powerful uterine muscle stimulants which cause contractions to become more frequent & more vigorous | oxytocin; prostaglandins |
| woman has deformed/male-like pelvis, resulting in prolonged & difficult labor; condition can lead to fetal brain damage, ultimately causing cerebral palsy/epilepsy | dystocia |
Created by:
lfrancois
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