A&PI -Ch 4 Word Scramble
|
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Question | Answer |
primary tissue; functions include support, storage, and protection; found everywhere in body; most abundant and widely distributed tissue, but amount in particular organs varies | connective tissue |
connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone tissue, and blood | four main classes of connective tissue |
binding/support, protection, insulation, as blood transportation of substance within body | major function of connective tissue |
all connective tissues arise from __, hence have a common origin | mesenchyme |
mesenchyme is an __ tissue | embryonic |
different types of connective tissue have varying degrees of __ | vascularity |
connective tissue that is avascular | cartilage |
connective tissue that is poorly vascularized | dense connective tissue |
nonliving material in connective tissue consisting of ground substance and fibers that separates living cells - forms lrg parts of CT | extracellular matrix |
connective tissues are composed largely of __ extracellular matrix | nonliving |
ground substance, fibers, and cells are three main __ of connective tissues | elements |
make up the extracellular matrix | ground substance and fibers |
unstructured material that fills space btwn cells and contains fibers in connective tissues; composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans | ground substance |
fibronectin and laminin; serve mainly as connective tissue glue that allows connective tissue cells to attach themselves to matrix elements | cell adhesion proteins |
consist of protein core to which glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are attached | proteoglycans |
strand-like; chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid, largely - charged polysaccharides that stick out from core protein like fibers of bottle brush | glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) |
proteoglycans form huge aggregates in which __ intertwine and tap water, forming substance that varies from fluid to viscous gel | GAGs |
higher the GAG content, the more __ the ground substance | viscous |
ground substance holds lrg amounts of fluid, and functions as molecular sieve through which nutrients and other dissolved substance can diffuse btwn blood __ and the cells | capillaries |
are embedded in ground substance making it less pliable and hinder diffusion somewhat; provide support | fibers |
collagen, elastic, and reticular are the __ __ found in connective tissues | three fibers |
constructed primarily of the fibrous protein collagen; collagen molecules secreted into extracellular space, assembling spontaneously into cross-linked fibrils, in turn bundled into thick | collagen fibers |
because of cross-linking of fibrils, collagen fibers are extremely tough and provide ability to resist longitudinal stress to matrix, or | high tensile strength |
collagen fibers are also called __ __, because when they are fresh they have glistening white appearance | white fibers |
long, thin fibers that form branching networks in extracellular matrix; contain elastin | elastic fibers |
rubber-like protein that allows fibers to stretch and recoil like rubber bands | elastin |
short, fine, collagenous fibers w/slightly different chemistry and form; continuous w/collagen fibers and branch extensively forming delicate networks surrounding small blood vessel and support soft tissues of organs | reticular fibers |
network | reticul |
reticular fibers are abundant where connective tissue abuts other __ __ | tissue types |
undifferentiated cells, of connective tissue, are indicated by the suffix | -blast |
young, actively mitotic cell that forms the fibers of connective tissue; flat, branching cells that appear spindle shaped in profile; connective tissue proper | fibroblast |
actively mitotic cell of cartilage | chondroblast |
bone-forming cells | osteoblast |
undifferentiated blast cell that produces blood cells | hematopoietic stem cell |
once they synthesize the matrix, the blast cells assume their less active, mature mode, indicate by the suffix | -cyte |
connective tissue proper cells | fibroblasts and fibrocytes |
chondroblasts found in growing cartilage and chondrocytes | cartilage cells |
bone cells | osteoblasts and osteocytes |
WBC (neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes), and other cell types concerned w/tissue response to injury, such as mast cells and macrophages, travel into connective tissue matrix from bloodstream are considered | mobile cells |
immune cells that function to detect foreign substances in tissue spaces and initiate local inflammatory responses against them; typically found clustered deep to an epithelium or along blood vessels | mast cells |
stuffed full of granules | mast |
in mast cells a visible __ __ containing several chemicals that mediate inflammation | secretory granules |
heparin, histamine, and proteases are the visible secretory granules in __ cells | mast |
anticoagulation chemical that prevents blood clotting when free in bloodstream | heparin |
in human mast cells, heparin appears to __ to and __ action of other mast cell chemicals | bind; regulate |
substance that makes capillaries leaky | histamine |
protein-degrading enzymes; any of numerous enzymes that hydrolyze proteins and are classified according to most prominent functional group (as serine or cysteine) at active site | proteases |
large | macro |
eat | phago |
large, irregularly shaped cells that avidly phagocytize broad variety of foreign material, ranging from foreign material to entire bacteria to dust particles | macrophages |
macrophages dispose of dead tissue cells, and are central actors in the __ __ | immune system |
in connective tissues, macrophages may be attached to connective tissue fibers, __, or may __ freely throughout the matrix | fixed; migrate |
macrophages in the liver are called | Kupffer cells |
macrophages of spleen primarily dispose of aging __ | RBCs |
mesenchyme has fluid ground substance containing fine sparse fibers and star-shaped __ cells | mesenchymal |
fluid ground substance of mesenchyme arises during early weeks of embryonic development and eventually __ into all other connective tissue cells | differentiates |
act/process of specialization, as occurs in progressive diversification of cells and tissues of embryo | differentiation |
some mesenchymal remain and provide source of new cells in __ connective tissues | mature |
except for bone, cartilage and blood all mature connective tissues belong to this class | connective tissue proper |
support/bind other tissues, hold body fluids, defend against infection, store nutrients as fat are functions of | areolar connective tissue |
structural feature of areolar connective tissue is the __ __ of its fibers | loose arrangement |
a small open space, in Latin | areola |
the matrix of areolar connective tissue, occupied by ground substance, appears to be __ __, other than loose fibers, when viewed through a microscope | empty space |
because of loose nature, areolar connective tissue provides reservoir of __ and __ for surrounding body tissues | water; salt |
areolar connective tissue always holds approximately as much fluid as there is in the entire __ | bloodstream |
all body cells obtain their nutrients from and release their wastes into the __ __ of areolar connective tissue | tissue fluid |
because areolar connective tissue's ground substance has a high concentration of hyaluronic acid it is quite __, which may hinder movement of cells through it | viscous |
some WBCs secrete enzyme __ to liquefy the ground substance of areolar connective tissue to ease their passage | hyaluronidase |
areolar connective tissue serves as a kind of __ __ between other tissues | packing material |
highly vascular layer of connective tissue under the basement membrane lining a layer of epithelium | lamina propria |
areolar connective tissue is present in all __ membranes | mucous |
similar to areolar connective tissue in structure and function, buts its nutrient-storing ability is much greater | adipose tissue |
an adipose, or fat, cell; predominate and account for 90% of this tissue's mass | adipocyte |
adipose tissue __ is scanty and cells are packed tightly together | matrix |
almost pure triglyceride, occupies most of a fat cell's volume and displaces nucleus to one side so that only a thin rim of surrounding cytoplasm is seen | oil droplet |
are among the largest cells in the body | mature adipocytes |
adipose tissue is highly vascularized, indicating its __ __ activity | high metabolic |
store nutrients mainly for other cells | white adipose tissue |
contain abundant mitochondria, which use lipid fuels to heat bloodstream to warm body; richly vascular and occurs only in babies who lack ability to produce body heat by shivering | brown adipose tissue |
brown adipose tissue deposits are located between __ __ or on anterior __ wall | shoulder blades; abdominal |
fibroblasts are called | reticular cells |
reticular __ are located throughout the body | fibers |
reticular __ are limited to certain sites | tissues |
basic internal structural framework of an organ | stroma |
forms stroma that can support many free blood cells in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow | reticular connective tissue |
three varieties of dense connective tissue have __ as their prominent element | fibers |
often referred to as fibrous connective tissue | dense connective tissue |
contains closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in same direction, parallel to direction of pull | dense regular connective tissue |
arrangement of dense regular connective tissue results in white, flexible structures w/great __ to tension where tension is exerted in single direction | resistance |
in dense regular connective tissue, crowded between collagen fibers are rows of __, that continually manufacture fibers and scant ground substance | fibroblasts |
because collagen fibers are slightly wavy, this allows tissue to __ a little | stretch |
in dense regular connective tissue, once collagen fibers are straightened out by pulling force, there is __ __ give to this tissue | no further |
dense regular connective tissue has __ cells, other than fibroblasts, and is poorly __ | few; vascularized |
dense regular connective tissue has enormous __ strength | tensile |
formed from dense regular connective tissue; cords that attach muscles to bone | tendons |
formed from dense regular connective tissue; flat, sheetlike tendons that attach muscle to other muscles/bones | aponeuroses |
formed from dense regular connective tissue; fibrous membrane that wraps around muscles, groups of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves, binding those structures together | fascia |
formed from dense regular connective tissue; binds bones together at joints; contain more elastic fibers and slightly more stretchable than tendons | ligaments |
has same structural elements as regular variety except bundles of collagen fibers are much thicker and their arrangement gives them their name | dense irregular connective tissue |
in dense irregular connective tissue, collagen fibers run in more than one __ | plane |
dense irregular connective tissue forms sheets in body areas where tension is exerted from __ __ directions | many different |
dense irregular connective tissue is found in skin as __ __ | leathery dermis |
dense irregular connective tissue forms fibrous __ __ | joint capsules |
dense irregular connective tissue forms __ __ that surround some organs (kidneys, bones, cartilages, muscles, and nerves) | fibrous coverings |
medium ligament of back of neck; composed of yellow elastic tissue; assists in supporting of head | ligamenta nuchae |
any within series of ligaments that connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae, from axis-sacrum; consists of yellow elastic tissue | ligamenta flava |
dense regular connective tissue that is very elastic, as in ligamenta nuchae/flava | elastic connective tissue |
white, semi-opaque connective tissue; stands up to tension and compression; tough but flexible, provides resilient rigidity to structures it supports | cartilage |
qualities of cartilage are __ between dense connective tissue and bone | intermediate |
cartilage lacks __ fibers and is __ | nerve; avascular |
cartilage receives its nutrients by __ from blood vessels located in connective tissue membrane surrounding it | diffusion |
membrane of fibrous connective tissue that envelopes cartilage, except at joints | perichondrium |
contains large amounts of GAGs chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid; firmly bound collagen fibers (sometimes elastic also), and it quite firm | cartilage ground substance |
resists compression because of large amounts of water held in it; functions to cushion and support body structures | general features of cartilage matrix |
predominant cell types in growing cartilage; produce new matrix until skeleton stops growing at end of adolescence | chondroblasts |
firmness of cartilage matrix prevents cells from becoming widely __ | separated |
typically found in small groups within lacunae; mature cartilage cells | chondrocytes |
one of minute cavities in cartilage (or bone); is occupied by chondrocytes | lacunae |
aging cartilage cells lose ability to __, so injured cells heal __ | divide; slowly |
during later life cartilages tend to __ or __ | calcify; ossify |
to change (as cartilage) into bone | ossify |
to become calcareous (consisting of or contain calcium carbonate/calcium) | calcify |
each dominated by particular fiber type; hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage are | subclasses of cartilage |
most abundant cartilage type in the body; large numbers of collagen fibers that are not apparent | hyaline cartilage |
another name for hyaline cartilage is | gristle |
appears amorphous and glassy blue-white when viewed by unaided eye | hyaline cartilage matrix |
chondrocytes account for only 1-10% of cartilage __ | volume |
hyaline cartilage provides firm support with some __ | pliability |
hyaline cartilage covers ends of long bones as | articular cartilage |
articular cartilage provides springy pads that absorb __ at joints | compression |
cartilage that supports tip of nose, connects ribs to sternum, and supports most of respiratory system passages | hyaline |
most of __ __ formed of hyaline cartilage before bone is formed | embryonic skeleton |
persists during childhood as epiphyseal plates | skeletal hyaline cartilage |
actively growing regions near ends of long bones that provides for continued growth in length | epiphyseal plates |
elastic cartilage is histologically, nearly __ to hyaline cartilage; however, there are more elastic fibers | identical |
found where strength and exceptional stretchability are needed; forms skeletons of external ear and epiglottis | elastic cartilage |
flap that covers opening to respiratory passageway when swallowing, prevents food/fluid from entering lungs | epiglottis |
perfect structural intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense regular connective tissues | fibrocartilage |
in fibrocartilage, its rows of chondrocytes __ with rows of thick collagen fibers | alternate |
because fibrocartilage is __ and resists __ well, it is found where strong support and ability to withstand heavy pressure are required | compressible; tension |
resilient cushions between bony vertebrae | intervertebral discs |
intervertebral discs and menisci of knee are examples of | fibrocartilage structures |
either of 2 crescent-shaped lamellae of fibrocartilage; border and partly cover articulating surfaces of tibia/femur at knee | menisci |
connective tissue that forms bony skeleton | bone/osseous tissue |
because of rock-like hardness bone has exceptional ability to __ and __ body structures | support; protect |
bone of skeleton provide __ for fat storage and synthesis of blood cells | cavities |
hard tissue that resists both compression and tension; functions in support | general features of bone |
inorganic calcium salts located in bone matrix are also called | bone salts |
produce organic portion of bone matrix, and then bone salts deposited on and btwn fibers | osteoblasts |
mature bone cells; reside in lacunae within matrix they have made | osteocytes |
closely packed structural units formed of concentric rings of bony matrix that surround a central canal (Haversian canal) containing blood vessels and nerves serving bone | osteons |
unlike cartilage, which is next firmest connective tissue, bone is well __ by invading blood vessels | supplied |
fluid that circulates in blood vessels, carrying nourishment/O2 to/bringing away waste products from all parts of body | blood |
blood is most __ connective tissue because it does not connect things/give support | atypical |
connective tissue because develops from mesenchyme and consists of blood cells, surrounded by blood plasma | blood classification |
nonliving fluid matrix of blood | blood plasma |
vast majority of blood cells are | red blood cells (RBCs) |
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils are | white blood cells (WBCs) |
soluble protein molecules that precipitate, forming fiber-like structure during clotting | blood fibers |
blood __ as transport vehicle for cardio sys., carrying nutrients, wastes, resp. gases, and many other substances throughout body | functions |
subclasses of loose connective tissue are | areolar, adipose, and reticular |
subclasses of dense connective tissue are | regular, irregular, and elastic |
cells of connective tissue proper | fibroblasts, fibrocytes, defense cells, fat cells |
gel-like ground substance; all 3 fibers types: collagen, reticular, elastic | connective tissue proper matrix |
subclasses of connective tissue proper | loose/dense connective tissue |
6 different types; vary in density/types of fibers; functions as binding tissue; resists mechanical stress, particularly tension | general features of connective tissue proper |
subclasses of bone | compact and spongy |
cells of bone | osteoblasts and osteocytes |
gel-like ground substance calcified w/inorganic salts; fibers: collagen | bone matrix |
erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), and platelets | blood cells |
blood matrix consists of __ and there are no fibers | plasma |
anything outside of CT cells is __ matrix | extracellular |
fillers around ground substance & fibers is __ substance | ground |
ground substance; fibers, all 3 types; cells: fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic stem cells (as well as mature cells) | structural elements of connective tissues |
ground substance consists of __ fluid | interstitial |
act as glue btwn cells and matrix in ground substance of CT | adhesion proteins |
protein cores w/attached GAGs | proteoglycans |
trap water forming fluid to viscous medium through which proteins diffuse btwn capillaries and cells | glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) |
widely distributed under epithelia of body, forms lamina propria of mucous membranes, packages organs, & surrounds capillaries | areolar loose connective tissue |
located under skin in hypodermis; around kidneys & eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts | adipose loose connective tissue |
located in lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow & spleen) | reticular loose connective tissue |
located in tendons, most ligaments & aponeuroses | dense regular connective tissue |
located in fibrous capsules of organs & joints; dermis of skin; submucosa of digestive tract | dense irregular connective tissue |
located in walls of large arteries (aorta); within certain ligaments associated w/vertebral column; within wall of bronchial tubes | elastic dense connective tissue |
forms most of embryonic skeleton; covers ends of ling bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of ribs; cartilages of nose, trache & larynx | hyaline cartilage |
supports external ear (pinna); epiglottis | elastic cartilage |
forms intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joints | fibrocartilage |
forms bones | osseous tissue |
Created by:
lfrancois
Popular Anatomy sets