Anatomy Vocab Ch8 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
special senses | smell, taste, sight, hearing; the four traditional senses |
equilibrium | the fifth sense; receptors housed in the inner ear and called vestibular apparatus; responds to various head movements |
special sense receptors | large, complex sensory organs (eyes and ears)or localized clusters of receptors (taste buds, olfactory epithelium) |
accessory structures | extrinsic eye muscles, eyelids, conjuctiva, lacrimal apparatus |
eyelids | meet at the medial and lateral corners of the eye, the medial and lateral commissure (canthus) |
palpebral fissure | the space between the eyelids in the open eye |
tarsal gland | sebaceous glands at the eyelid edge, produce oily secretion that lubricates the eye |
ciliary gland | modified sweat gland between the eyelashes |
conjuctiva | delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering part of the outer surface of the eyeball |
lacrimal apparatus | lacrimal gland and a number of ducts that drain the lacrimal secretions into nasal cavity |
lacrimal gland | located above the lateral end of each eye, release tears onto the surface of the eyeball through several small ducts |
lacrimal canaliculi | tears flush across eyeball and into this first |
lacrimal sac | second drainage site for tears |
nasolacrimal duct | third stop for tears as they are flushed across the eyeball; empties into the nasal cavity |
lysozyme | antibodies contained in lacrimal secretions |
extrinsic (external) eye muscles | attached to the outer surface of each eye; lateral, medial, superior, inferior rectus and inferior and superior oblique |
eyeball | hollow sphere composed of three layers (fibrous, vascular,sensory), interior filled with humors that help maintain shape |
fibrous layer | outermost layer of the eyeball, the protective sclera and cornea |
sclera | protective, thick, glistening white connective tissue, the white of the eye |
cornea | the window through which light enters the eye, the most exposed part of the eye, is very vulnerable to damage |
vascular layer | middle layer of the eyeball; three regions, choroid, ciliary body and iris |
choroid | posterior region of the vascular layer, blood rich nutritive tunic containing dark pigment that prevents light from scattering inside the eye |
ciliary body | an extension of the choroid, smooth muscle structure |
ciliary zonule | suspensory ligament |
iris | the colored part of the eyeball, houses the pupil |
pupil | formed by smooth muscle fibers, act as the diaphragm of the camera, regulating the amount of light entering the eyeball |
sensory layer | innermost layer of the eyeball, containing the retina |
retina | two layers, pigmented layer, absorbing light and prevents light from scattering inside the eyeball; neural layer contains receptor cells, rods and cones (photoreceptors) |
photoreceptors | rod and cones of the inner eye |
vision | electrical signals passing from photoreceptors via bipolar and ganglion cells, leaving the retina via the optic nerve and to the optic cortex |
optic disc (blind spot) | where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball, light from an object is focused onto the disc causing the object to disappear from view |
rods | allow us to see gray tones in dim light, allow for peripheral vision |
cones | allow color under bright light conditions; three types each sensitive to particular wavelengths of light; impulses received at same time from more than one type is interpreted as intermediate color; when all three stimulated we see white |
fovea contralis | tiny pit that contains only cones, the point of greatest visual acuity or sharpest vision |
color blindness | lack of cones types cause this, most exclusively in men; is passed thru the genes |
lens | light entering the eye focuses on the retina by this; divided into two segments, aqueous and vitrous |
cataracts | vision becomes hazy and distorted eventually causing blindness if not corrected |
aqueous humor | the front of the lens containing a clear watery fluid |
vitreous humor | the back of the lens filled with a gel-like substance, prevents the eyeball from collapsing; helps to maintain interocular pressure |
interocular pressure | the pressure inside the eyeball |
canal of Schlemm | scleral venous sinus; located at the junction of sclera and cornea; absorption site for aqueous humor into the venous blood |
glaucoma | intraocular pressure increases to dangerous levels and compresses retina and optic nerve |
tonometer | measures intraocular pressure |
ophthalmoscope | illuminates the interior of the eyeball |
refraction | when light passes from one substance to another that has different density, speed changes and rays are bent |
accommodation | the ability of the eye to focus for close objects |
optic nerve | where bundling of axons issue from the back of the eyeball |
optic chiasma | where fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain |
optic tract | fibers synapse with neurons in the thalamus; see optic chiasma |
optic radiation | axons running to the occipital lobe of brain, carrying the vision message |
binocular vision | two-eyed vision, provides for depth perception |
hemianopia | loss of the same side of visual field of both eyes (tunnelvision) |
eye muscles | both internal and external, controlled by the autonomic nervous system |
convergence | the reflexive movement of the eyes medially when we view close objects |
photopupillary reflex | the reaction when eyes are suddenly exposed to bright light, the pupils constrict; prevents bright light from damaging the photoreceptors |
accomodation pupillary reflex | provides for acute vision, when the pupils constrict when viewing close objects |
emmetropia | harmonious vision; the eyes focus correctly |
myopia | nearsightedness |
hyperopia | farsightedness |
astigmatism | unequal curvatures in the cornea or lens, causing blurry images |
receptors | pain, thermo, mechano, chemo, electromagnetic |
fundus | posterior wall of the eye |
mechanoreceptors | receptors that respond to physical forces |
equilibrium receptors | keep nervous system up to date on position and movements of the head |
ear | divided into 3 area; outer ear, middle ear internal ear |
hearing areas of the ear | outer and middle ear |
inner ear | both equilibrium and hearing; bony chambers called osseous (bony) labyrinth, in the temporal bone behind the eye socket |
outer (external) ear | auricle and external acoustic meatus |
auricle (pinna) | shell shaped structure surrounding auditory canal of the ear |
external acoustic meatus | auditory canal; short narrow chamber carved into temporal bone of the skull |
ceruminous glands | skin lined walls of the external acoustic meatus |
cerumen (earwax) | waxy yellow secretion, provides sticky trap for foreign bodies and repels insects |
tympanic membrane (eardrum) | the end of the auditory canal separating the external from the middle ear |
middle ear (tympanic cavity) | small air-filled mucosa-lined cavity within temporal bone |
oval and round windows | of the middle ear; help with sound impulses |
pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube | runs downward to link middle ear cavity with the throat; yawning or swallowing can open it to equalize the pressure in middle ear |
otitis media | inflammation of the middle ear |
myringotomy | lancing of the eardrum |
ossicles | three smallest bones in the body, found in the tympanic cavity; hammer (malleus), anvil (incus), stirrup (stapes) |
hammer (malleus) | moves with the eardrum, transfering the vibration to the anvil |
anvil (incus) | passes the vibration from the hammer to the stirrup |
stirrup (stapes) | presses on the oval window of the inner ear, in response to vibrations passed from the hammer and anvil |
osseous labyrinth | bony chambers behind the eye socket; 3 parts- cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals |
cochlea | spiral, pea-sized part of the bony labyrinth |
vestibule | between the cochlea and semicircular canal, a cavity |
perilymph | plasmalike fluid filling the bony labyrinth |
membranous labyrinth | system of membrane sacs suspended in the perilymph of the bony labyrinth |
endolymph | thicker fluid of the membranous labyrinth |
vesibular apparatus | two functional arms; static and dynamic equilibrium, work together for the balance of the body |
maculae | within the membrane sacs of the vestibule, essential to sense of static equilibrium; report on changes in position of head in relation to pull of gravity when body is at rest; patch of responsive hair cells |
otolithic hair membrane | hairs are embedded into this macula, jellylike mass studded with otoliths |
otoliths | tiny stones made of calcium salts |
vestibular nerves | impulses travel along this, from activation of hair cells telling the cerebellum of the brain that the position of the head has changed |
dynamic equilibrium | responds to rotary movement of the head, as in twirling or rough seas; receptors are found in semicircular canals; acts jointly with static equilibrium |
ampula | swollen region at the base of each membranous semicircular canal |
crista ampullaris | receptor region of the inner ear, base of each semicircular canal |
cupula | tuft of hair cells covered with gelatinous cap, the receptors on the crista ampullaris |
vestibular nerve | the sensory nerve from the cupula to the cerebellum, controls and adjusts for the sense of motion |
static eqiulibrium | balance concerned with the changes of position of the head; works with dynamic equilibrium |
spiral organ or Cortie | contains hearing receptors or hair cells |
hair cells | hearing receptors in the spiral organ of Corti |
basilar membrane | vibrations of the pressure waves set into motion in the inner ear are felt here; high pitched sound effects short hair fibers, low pitched sound effects long hair fibers |
tectorial memebrane | gel like membrane that lies over the hair cells |
cochlear nerve | impulses are transmitted along this to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe |
adapt | stop responding to stimuli |
deafness | hearing loss of any degree; conduction (earwax or inflammation) and sensorineural (damage or degeneration) |
otosclerosis | ruptured eardrum |
vertigo | the sensation of spinning, causes ringing in the ears, nausea, inability to function |
Meniere's syndrome | serious pathology of the inner ear, causing vertigo or vertigo symptoms |
chemoreceptors | receptors for taste and olfaction |
olfactory receptors | receptors for sense of smell, occupy space the size of a postage stamp on roof of each nasal cavity |
olfactory receptor cells | neurons eqipped with olfactory hairs, long cilia that protrude from nasal epithelium, bathed in mucous |
olfactory hairs | cilia that transmit impulses |
olfactory filaments | bundled axons of olfactory neurons that make up the olfactory nerve |
olfactory nerve | made up of olfactory filaments, conducts the impulses to the olfactory cortex of the brain; closely tied into the limbic system, the emotional-visceral part of the brain |
anosmias | olfactory disorders |
olfactory auras | hallucinations experienced by some epileptics just before going into seizure |
taste buds | specific receptors for the sense of taste, widely scattered in the oral cavity, 10,000 taste buds, most on the tongue |
papillae | peglike projections on the tongue |
circumvallate and fungiform papillae | taste buds are found here, on the tongue |
gustatory cells | specific cells that respond to chemicals dissolved in the saliva, epithelial cells |
gustatory hairs | long microvilli of the gustatory cell |
taste pore | through which the sense of taste is transmitted to the brain |
taste bud nerves | facial (anterior part of tongue), glossopharyngeal and vagus |
basal cells | deep in the taste buds, replaced every seven to 10 days |
taste receptors | sweet, sour, bitter, umami(the flavor of monosodium glutimate), salt |
strabismus | cross-eyed |
ophthlmia neonatorum | baby conjunctivitis |
presbyopia | decreasing lens elasticity accompanying aging |
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