Anatomy Qtr 1 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
The study of the structure of the human body | Anatomy |
The study of body function | Physiology |
2 Branches of Anatomy | Gross Anatomy & Microscopic Anatomy |
2 Types of Microscopic Anatomy | Histology & Cytology |
The study of tissues | Histology |
The study of cells | Cytology |
Deals with the structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs caused by disease | Pathological Anatomy |
All the organs with related functions are studied together | Systemic Anatomy |
All structures in a single region are examined as a group | Regional Anatomy |
The study of shapes & markings on the surface of the body that reveal underlying organs | Surface (Topographical) Anatomy |
Name 4 primary tissue types | Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous |
The Hierarchy of Structural Organization | Chemical Lvl, Cellular Lvl, Tissue Lvl, Organ Lvl, Organ System, Organismal Lvl |
4 Types of Molecules | Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids |
3 Types of Muscle Tissue | Cardiac, Skeletal, Smooth |
What does epithelial tissue do? | External covering and lining, protection, filtration, forms slippery surfaces |
Main Classes of Connective Tissue | Connective Tissue Proper, Cartilage, Bone Tissue, Blood |
What does nervous tissue do? | It's for communication & control |
Forms external body covering, protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vit. D, site of cutaneous & sweat and oil glands | Integumentary System |
Protects & supports body organs, provides a framework for muscles, blood cells are formed w/in bones, stores minerals | Skeletal System |
Allows manipulation of environment, locomotion, facial expression, maintains posture, produces heat | Muscular System |
Fast-acting control system, responds to internal/external changes | Nervous System |
Glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use | Endocrine System |
Blood vessels transport blood that carries O2 & CO2, nutrients & wastes, and the heart pumps the blood | Cardiovascular System |
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels, disposes of debris in the lymphatic system, houses wh. blood cells, mounts attack on foreign substances in the body | Lymphatic System/Immunity |
Keeps blood supplied with O2, removes CO2, gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs | Respiratory System |
Breaks down food into absorbable units, indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces | Digestive System |
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes, regulates H2O, electrolyte, & acid-base balance | Urinary System |
Overall function is to produce offspring, testes produce sperm & male sex hormones, ovaries produce eggs & femal sex hormones, mammary glads produce milk | Reproductive System |
Person stands erect w/ feet together, eyes forward, with palms facing anteriorly w/ the thumbs pointed away from the body | Anatomical Position |
Head, Neck, Trunk | Axial Region |
Thorax, Abdomen, Pelvis, Perineum | Regions of the Trunk |
The Limbs | Appendicular Region |
Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above | Superior (cranial; rostral) |
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below | Inferior (caudal) |
Toward or at the front of the body; in front of | Anterior |
Toward or at the back of the body; behind | Posterior |
Toward or at the mid-line of the body; on the inner side of | Medial |
Away from the mid-line of the body; on the outer side of | Lateral |
Between a more medial and lateral structure | Intermediate |
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk | Proximal |
Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk | Distal |
Toward or at the body surface; more external | Superficial (external) |
Away from the body surface; more internal | Deep (internal) |
Lies vertically & divides the body into anterior and posterior parts | Coronal (frontal) Plane |
Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the mid-line | Median (midsagittal) Plane |
Other vertical planes parallel to the median plane | Sagittal/Parasagittal Plane |
Runs horizontally, divides the body into superior and inferior parts | Transverse Plane |
The left half of the body is essentially a mirror image of the right half | Bilateral Symmetry |
2 Main closed body cavities | Dorsal & Ventral |
Lies in the skull and encases the brain | Cranial Cavity |
Runs through the vertebral column to enclose the spinal cord | Vertebral Cavity |
Subdivisions of the dorsal cavity | Cranial & Vertebral Cavities |
The more posterior and smaller of the closed body cavities | Dorsal Cavity |
The more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities | Ventral Cavity |
2 Main Divisions of the Ventral Cavity | Thoracic & Abdominopelvic Cavities |
Central band of organs, contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial cavity, trachea & esophagus | Mediastinum |
3 Parts of the Thoracic Cavity | Mediastinum & 2 Lateral parts containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity |
2 Parts of the Abdominopelvic Cavity | Abdominal & Pelvic Cavities |
Contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, & other organs | Abdominal Cavity |
Contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum | Pelvic Cavity |
Cavity surrounding many of the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity | Peritoneal Cavity |
Muscle that divides the thoracic cavity & the abdominopelvic cavity | Diaphragm (phrenic muscle) |
Pericardial cavity, pleural cavities, & peritoneal cavity are all... | Serous Cavities |
Serous membranes that line the outer wall of the cavities | Parietal Serosa |
Serous membranes that line the inner wall of the cavities, lies directly on the organs | Visceral Serosa |
Not surrounded by peritoneal membranes, or in the peritoneal cavity | Retroperitoneal |
Smallest living unit in our bodies | Cells |
Direct chemical reactions in a cell & are known as biological catalysts | Enzymes |
The sum of all the chemical reactions in the cell | Metabolism |
Synthesis Reactions are... | Anabolic Reactions |
Degregative Reactions are... | Catabolic Reactions |
"Little Organs" that carry on essential functions of cells | Organelles |
Cells generally have 3 main components | Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus |
Defines the extent of a cell and is make up of a lipid (phospholipid) bi-layer, determines what enters/leaves a cell & is selectively permeable | Plasma Membrane |
Types of Membrane Proteins | Integral & Peripheral Proteins |
Molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration | Simple Diffusion |
Simple diffusion of H2O across a membrane | Osmosis |
Mechanism by which particles enter a cell | Endocytosis |
"Cell Eating", nonspecific defense mechanism of the host that white blood cells carry out | Phagocytosis |
"Cell Drinking", cells that will use this process to sample the nutrients of the tissue fluid | Pinocytosis |
Mechanism that moves substances out of the cell using a vesicle | Exocytosis |
_______ lies internal to the plasma membrane and is made up of ______; which is a jelly-like fluid consisting of H2O, ions, enzymes that suspends other cellular elements | Cytoplasm; Cytosol |
Constructed of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), site of protein synthesis | Ribosomes |
Assembly process of proteins | Translation |
2 Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum | Smooth & Rough |
Cell's membrane factory, stores ionic Ca, and ribosomes stud the external surface | Rough ER |
Consists of tubules in a branching network, where lipid metabolism takes place, stores ionic Ca | Smooth ER |
Stack of 3-10 disk shaped envelopes that is the "post-office" of the cell, sorts products of rough er | Golgi Apparatus |
"Powerhouse" of the cell, generates most of the cell's energy, most complex organelle | Mitochondria |
______ are membrane-walled sacs containing digestive enzymes & ______ are membrane-walled sacs of oxidase and catalase enzymes | Lysosomes; Peroxisomes |
"Cell Skeleton" that serves as the cell's bones, muscles, and ligaments; an elaborate network of rods | Cytoskeleton |
Control center of the cell, holds genetic info (DNA) of the cell, surrounded by a nuclear envelope | Nucleus |
"Little Nucleus", in the center of the nucleus, site of ribosome subunit manufacture | Nucleolus |
Specialized function of the cell relates to: | Shape of the cell & types of organelles present |
A group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure | Tissue |
A discrete structure made up of more than one tissue | Organ |
Special Characteristics of Epithelia | Cellularity, Supported by connective tissue, Avascular, Innervated, Regeneration |
One layer of cells | Simple |
More than one layer of cells | Stratified |
Cells wider than tall; plate-like | Squamous |
Cells are as wide as they are tall like cubes | Cuboidal |
Cells are taller than they are wide, like columns | Columnar |
Sweat & Oil Glands, Salivary Glands, Liver, Pancreas, Mucus Secreting Glands are all... | Exocrine Glands |
2 Main Types of Exocrine Glands | Duct & Ductless |
Ductless glands that secrete substances directly into the bloodstream; produce hormones | Endocrine Glands |
Most diverse and abundant tissue | Connective Tissue |
3 Types of Membranes | Cutaneous, Mucous, Serous |
Muscular tissue that has striations, voluntary movement, long & cylindrical cells(fibers) | Skeletal |
Muscle tissue that has striations, involuntary movement, occurs in the walls of the heart(myocardium) | Cardiac |
Muscle that lacks striations, involuntary movement, propels substances along internal passageways | Smooth |
2 Types of Cells of Nervous Tissue | Neurons & Supporting Cells (neuroglial cells) |
Conducting cells that conduct electrical impulses | Neurons |
Non-conducting cells | Supporting Cells (neuroglial cells) |
Our largest organ | Skin |
Skin is divided into 2 layers | Epidermis & Dermis |
Stratified squamous epithelial tissue | Epidermis |
Deep layer to the epidermis that is connective tissue | Dermis |
Lies deep to the dermis and is not considered a part of the skin | Hypodermis |
Epidermis' 4 main tissue types | Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Merkel Cells, Langerhans Cells |
Most abundant cell type that produces a tough fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its protective properties | Keratinocytes |
Cells that produce melanin | Melanocytes |
Cells associated with a sensory nerve ending and may serve as a receptor for touch | Merkel Cells |
Cells of the epidermis that are part of the immune system | Langerhans Cells |
Bottom layer epidermis cells | Basal Cells |
Top layer epidermis cells | Apical |
2 Epidermis cell types found in the basal layer | Merkel Cells & Melanocytes |
Dentritic epidermal cell type | Langerhans |
2nd major layer of skin that is strong, flexible connective tissue that is vascularized and innervated | Dermis |
Dermis' 2 Layers | Papillary & Reticular |
Dermis' superficial layer that is 20% of the thickness of the dermis and is areolar connective tissue | Papillary |
Dermis' deeper layer that is 80% of the thickness and is made up of dense irregular connective tissue | Reticular |
Also known as Superficial Fascia & Subcutaneous Layer | Hypodermis |
Functions of Hypodermis | Fat (adipose) Storage, Insulation, and Anchors skin to underlying structures |
3 Pigments that contribute to the skin's color | Melanin, Carotene, Hemoglobin |
Most important skin pigment that ranges from yellow to reddish to brown to black | Melanin |
Yellowish pigment from carrots and tomatoes | Carotene |
Derivatives/Appendages of the skin | Hair, Nails, Hair Follicles, Oil Glands, Sweat Glands |
Made up of hard keratin and has a root and a shaft | Hair |
Secrete sebum from simple alveolar glands by holocrine secretion | Sebaceous Glands |
Process where entire cells break up to form the product | Holocrine Secretion |
2 Types of Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands | Eccrine & Apocrine |
Most numerous sweat gland that produce true sweat (salt H2O) | Eccrine |
Sweat glands confined to the axillary, anal, & genital areas that produce sweat consisting of fatty substances and proteins | Apocrine |
2 Exocrine Glands in the Epidermis | Sweat & Sebaceous |
Scale-like modification of the epidermis made of hard keratin | Nails |
Created by:
sbarton
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