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Anatomy Qtr 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The study of the structure of the human body | Anatomy |
| The study of body function | Physiology |
| 2 Branches of Anatomy | Gross Anatomy & Microscopic Anatomy |
| 2 Types of Microscopic Anatomy | Histology & Cytology |
| The study of tissues | Histology |
| The study of cells | Cytology |
| Deals with the structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs caused by disease | Pathological Anatomy |
| All the organs with related functions are studied together | Systemic Anatomy |
| All structures in a single region are examined as a group | Regional Anatomy |
| The study of shapes & markings on the surface of the body that reveal underlying organs | Surface (Topographical) Anatomy |
| Name 4 primary tissue types | Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous |
| The Hierarchy of Structural Organization | Chemical Lvl, Cellular Lvl, Tissue Lvl, Organ Lvl, Organ System, Organismal Lvl |
| 4 Types of Molecules | Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids |
| 3 Types of Muscle Tissue | Cardiac, Skeletal, Smooth |
| What does epithelial tissue do? | External covering and lining, protection, filtration, forms slippery surfaces |
| Main Classes of Connective Tissue | Connective Tissue Proper, Cartilage, Bone Tissue, Blood |
| What does nervous tissue do? | It's for communication & control |
| Forms external body covering, protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vit. D, site of cutaneous & sweat and oil glands | Integumentary System |
| Protects & supports body organs, provides a framework for muscles, blood cells are formed w/in bones, stores minerals | Skeletal System |
| Allows manipulation of environment, locomotion, facial expression, maintains posture, produces heat | Muscular System |
| Fast-acting control system, responds to internal/external changes | Nervous System |
| Glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use | Endocrine System |
| Blood vessels transport blood that carries O2 & CO2, nutrients & wastes, and the heart pumps the blood | Cardiovascular System |
| Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels, disposes of debris in the lymphatic system, houses wh. blood cells, mounts attack on foreign substances in the body | Lymphatic System/Immunity |
| Keeps blood supplied with O2, removes CO2, gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs | Respiratory System |
| Breaks down food into absorbable units, indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces | Digestive System |
| Eliminates nitrogenous wastes, regulates H2O, electrolyte, & acid-base balance | Urinary System |
| Overall function is to produce offspring, testes produce sperm & male sex hormones, ovaries produce eggs & femal sex hormones, mammary glads produce milk | Reproductive System |
| Person stands erect w/ feet together, eyes forward, with palms facing anteriorly w/ the thumbs pointed away from the body | Anatomical Position |
| Head, Neck, Trunk | Axial Region |
| Thorax, Abdomen, Pelvis, Perineum | Regions of the Trunk |
| The Limbs | Appendicular Region |
| Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above | Superior (cranial; rostral) |
| Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below | Inferior (caudal) |
| Toward or at the front of the body; in front of | Anterior |
| Toward or at the back of the body; behind | Posterior |
| Toward or at the mid-line of the body; on the inner side of | Medial |
| Away from the mid-line of the body; on the outer side of | Lateral |
| Between a more medial and lateral structure | Intermediate |
| Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk | Proximal |
| Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk | Distal |
| Toward or at the body surface; more external | Superficial (external) |
| Away from the body surface; more internal | Deep (internal) |
| Lies vertically & divides the body into anterior and posterior parts | Coronal (frontal) Plane |
| Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the mid-line | Median (midsagittal) Plane |
| Other vertical planes parallel to the median plane | Sagittal/Parasagittal Plane |
| Runs horizontally, divides the body into superior and inferior parts | Transverse Plane |
| The left half of the body is essentially a mirror image of the right half | Bilateral Symmetry |
| 2 Main closed body cavities | Dorsal & Ventral |
| Lies in the skull and encases the brain | Cranial Cavity |
| Runs through the vertebral column to enclose the spinal cord | Vertebral Cavity |
| Subdivisions of the dorsal cavity | Cranial & Vertebral Cavities |
| The more posterior and smaller of the closed body cavities | Dorsal Cavity |
| The more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities | Ventral Cavity |
| 2 Main Divisions of the Ventral Cavity | Thoracic & Abdominopelvic Cavities |
| Central band of organs, contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial cavity, trachea & esophagus | Mediastinum |
| 3 Parts of the Thoracic Cavity | Mediastinum & 2 Lateral parts containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity |
| 2 Parts of the Abdominopelvic Cavity | Abdominal & Pelvic Cavities |
| Contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, & other organs | Abdominal Cavity |
| Contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum | Pelvic Cavity |
| Cavity surrounding many of the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity | Peritoneal Cavity |
| Muscle that divides the thoracic cavity & the abdominopelvic cavity | Diaphragm (phrenic muscle) |
| Pericardial cavity, pleural cavities, & peritoneal cavity are all... | Serous Cavities |
| Serous membranes that line the outer wall of the cavities | Parietal Serosa |
| Serous membranes that line the inner wall of the cavities, lies directly on the organs | Visceral Serosa |
| Not surrounded by peritoneal membranes, or in the peritoneal cavity | Retroperitoneal |
| Smallest living unit in our bodies | Cells |
| Direct chemical reactions in a cell & are known as biological catalysts | Enzymes |
| The sum of all the chemical reactions in the cell | Metabolism |
| Synthesis Reactions are... | Anabolic Reactions |
| Degregative Reactions are... | Catabolic Reactions |
| "Little Organs" that carry on essential functions of cells | Organelles |
| Cells generally have 3 main components | Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus |
| Defines the extent of a cell and is make up of a lipid (phospholipid) bi-layer, determines what enters/leaves a cell & is selectively permeable | Plasma Membrane |
| Types of Membrane Proteins | Integral & Peripheral Proteins |
| Molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration | Simple Diffusion |
| Simple diffusion of H2O across a membrane | Osmosis |
| Mechanism by which particles enter a cell | Endocytosis |
| "Cell Eating", nonspecific defense mechanism of the host that white blood cells carry out | Phagocytosis |
| "Cell Drinking", cells that will use this process to sample the nutrients of the tissue fluid | Pinocytosis |
| Mechanism that moves substances out of the cell using a vesicle | Exocytosis |
| _______ lies internal to the plasma membrane and is made up of ______; which is a jelly-like fluid consisting of H2O, ions, enzymes that suspends other cellular elements | Cytoplasm; Cytosol |
| Constructed of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), site of protein synthesis | Ribosomes |
| Assembly process of proteins | Translation |
| 2 Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum | Smooth & Rough |
| Cell's membrane factory, stores ionic Ca, and ribosomes stud the external surface | Rough ER |
| Consists of tubules in a branching network, where lipid metabolism takes place, stores ionic Ca | Smooth ER |
| Stack of 3-10 disk shaped envelopes that is the "post-office" of the cell, sorts products of rough er | Golgi Apparatus |
| "Powerhouse" of the cell, generates most of the cell's energy, most complex organelle | Mitochondria |
| ______ are membrane-walled sacs containing digestive enzymes & ______ are membrane-walled sacs of oxidase and catalase enzymes | Lysosomes; Peroxisomes |
| "Cell Skeleton" that serves as the cell's bones, muscles, and ligaments; an elaborate network of rods | Cytoskeleton |
| Control center of the cell, holds genetic info (DNA) of the cell, surrounded by a nuclear envelope | Nucleus |
| "Little Nucleus", in the center of the nucleus, site of ribosome subunit manufacture | Nucleolus |
| Specialized function of the cell relates to: | Shape of the cell & types of organelles present |
| A group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure | Tissue |
| A discrete structure made up of more than one tissue | Organ |
| Special Characteristics of Epithelia | Cellularity, Supported by connective tissue, Avascular, Innervated, Regeneration |
| One layer of cells | Simple |
| More than one layer of cells | Stratified |
| Cells wider than tall; plate-like | Squamous |
| Cells are as wide as they are tall like cubes | Cuboidal |
| Cells are taller than they are wide, like columns | Columnar |
| Sweat & Oil Glands, Salivary Glands, Liver, Pancreas, Mucus Secreting Glands are all... | Exocrine Glands |
| 2 Main Types of Exocrine Glands | Duct & Ductless |
| Ductless glands that secrete substances directly into the bloodstream; produce hormones | Endocrine Glands |
| Most diverse and abundant tissue | Connective Tissue |
| 3 Types of Membranes | Cutaneous, Mucous, Serous |
| Muscular tissue that has striations, voluntary movement, long & cylindrical cells(fibers) | Skeletal |
| Muscle tissue that has striations, involuntary movement, occurs in the walls of the heart(myocardium) | Cardiac |
| Muscle that lacks striations, involuntary movement, propels substances along internal passageways | Smooth |
| 2 Types of Cells of Nervous Tissue | Neurons & Supporting Cells (neuroglial cells) |
| Conducting cells that conduct electrical impulses | Neurons |
| Non-conducting cells | Supporting Cells (neuroglial cells) |
| Our largest organ | Skin |
| Skin is divided into 2 layers | Epidermis & Dermis |
| Stratified squamous epithelial tissue | Epidermis |
| Deep layer to the epidermis that is connective tissue | Dermis |
| Lies deep to the dermis and is not considered a part of the skin | Hypodermis |
| Epidermis' 4 main tissue types | Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Merkel Cells, Langerhans Cells |
| Most abundant cell type that produces a tough fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its protective properties | Keratinocytes |
| Cells that produce melanin | Melanocytes |
| Cells associated with a sensory nerve ending and may serve as a receptor for touch | Merkel Cells |
| Cells of the epidermis that are part of the immune system | Langerhans Cells |
| Bottom layer epidermis cells | Basal Cells |
| Top layer epidermis cells | Apical |
| 2 Epidermis cell types found in the basal layer | Merkel Cells & Melanocytes |
| Dentritic epidermal cell type | Langerhans |
| 2nd major layer of skin that is strong, flexible connective tissue that is vascularized and innervated | Dermis |
| Dermis' 2 Layers | Papillary & Reticular |
| Dermis' superficial layer that is 20% of the thickness of the dermis and is areolar connective tissue | Papillary |
| Dermis' deeper layer that is 80% of the thickness and is made up of dense irregular connective tissue | Reticular |
| Also known as Superficial Fascia & Subcutaneous Layer | Hypodermis |
| Functions of Hypodermis | Fat (adipose) Storage, Insulation, and Anchors skin to underlying structures |
| 3 Pigments that contribute to the skin's color | Melanin, Carotene, Hemoglobin |
| Most important skin pigment that ranges from yellow to reddish to brown to black | Melanin |
| Yellowish pigment from carrots and tomatoes | Carotene |
| Derivatives/Appendages of the skin | Hair, Nails, Hair Follicles, Oil Glands, Sweat Glands |
| Made up of hard keratin and has a root and a shaft | Hair |
| Secrete sebum from simple alveolar glands by holocrine secretion | Sebaceous Glands |
| Process where entire cells break up to form the product | Holocrine Secretion |
| 2 Types of Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands | Eccrine & Apocrine |
| Most numerous sweat gland that produce true sweat (salt H2O) | Eccrine |
| Sweat glands confined to the axillary, anal, & genital areas that produce sweat consisting of fatty substances and proteins | Apocrine |
| 2 Exocrine Glands in the Epidermis | Sweat & Sebaceous |
| Scale-like modification of the epidermis made of hard keratin | Nails |
Created by:
sbarton
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